Chemical and toxicological studies of the presence of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their metabolites in the human body

CTI urine analysis, which will be shown by a chemical-toxicological study

CTI urine analysis is a chemical and toxicological laboratory test, the main goal of which is to detect various substances in the human body, or rather their metabolites (transformation products). The analysis will show the qualitative and quantitative composition of not only toxins, but also other harmful compounds. To conduct the study, urine is used, which is important to collect, following certain established rules to exclude “falsification of results.” CTI analysis is carried out in a special laboratory that has permission for this type of medical activity.

Methods for identifying surfactants

In the Russian Federation, two groups of methods are officially distinguished for the purpose of detecting narcotic substances.

These include:

1. Preliminary – immunochromatographic analysis (ICA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polarization.
2. Confirmatory – systems based on thin layer chromatography for accurate identification of a specific compound, gas-liquid and liquid methods, mass spectrometry.

The Ugodie Clinic most often uses a preliminary assessment in the form of test strips (ICA method). The procedure is quite accurate with a confidence level of about 99%. It is inexpensive, simple and accessible. If necessary, both individual drugs (single samples) and groups of psychoactive substances are identified. With their help, you can identify 5 and 10 (panel urine screen) different components. If a rapid urine drug test turns out to be positive, you will need to clarify its results using one of the confirmatory methods.

Direct method

The sandwich (direct) immunochromatographic blood test format uses an antibody-tag conjugate that is applied to the conjugate on a membrane. Immobilized antibodies on the strip, possessing a specific analyte; on the control line - anti-species antibodies, specific to the primary antibodies.

When a sample containing a conjugate (the desired substance) is introduced onto the membrane, the desired component binds to the Ab-label conjugate. After this, the formed immune complex penetrates the test zone, where it binds with specific antibodies, and a “sandwich” of Ab-Ag-Ab-label is formed. The excessive amount of unbound conjugate is then combined on the control line with anti-species antibodies. If two lines appear on the test strip, the test result is positive. If the analyte is not present in the sample, then the conjugate binds to anti-species antibodies only on the control line, and one line is formed.

Direct ICA is used to determine pathogens of infectious pathologies, viruses - high molecular weight compounds, including various hormones, HIV.

How is a narcotic substance determined by express immunochromatographic analysis?

The essence of the procedure is based on the interpretation of the specific reaction between the antibodies embedded in the test strips and the desired surfactant or its catabolism products. The test requires taking certain secretions or tissues from the human body.

The following are subject to research:

• a small amount of urine;
• secretory secretion of the salivary glands;
• molecules contained in the air released by the respiratory tract;
• fragments of hair, nails;
• beads of sweat.

In some cases, blood donation is required.

The process of surfactant determination itself is quite fast and does not require special conditions.

The most common drug test done is a urine drug test.

The research assistant evaluates the sample against the background of contact between the test and biological material:

• If after the reaction a pink-red color appears on 2 stripes, then the specialist has every reason to rule out the presence of drugs in the human body.
• If the color of just one band changes, a conclusion is made that antibodies have been detected. A positive result gives grounds to conduct, if necessary, a more accurate (confirmatory) examination.

What tags are used in ICA?

In immunochromatographic analysis, various particles and substances are used as labels.

• Dyes (dyed latex particles, or carbon nanoparticles, or colloidal gold). This option allows you to visually monitor the result or determine it with a colorimetric device. The use of dye tags that are attached to the carrier allows for multi-analysis, where different colored lines correspond to different analytes. The label most often used is colloidal gold nanoparticles.

• Bioluminescent, phosphorescent and fluorescent tags covalently bound to latex particles. They are used only in instrumental ICA methods, in which the result is recorded by a special reader. The most common are fluorescent tags.
• Paramagnetic tags attached to latex particles. The method is applied in ICA using instruments that record the strength of the magnetic field.
• Liposomes used as carriers of various labels (electroactive, enzymatic, fluorescent, coloring, etc.) This is a new direction among the types of analysis.
• Enzyme tags used according to the ELISA principle. The reaction is registered by staining the substrates. The result is a visual result or read by a reader.

Temporary rating restrictions

The reliability of the test depends on the period of time allowing the detection of the substance of interest. The average working time for urine drug testing methods is 2-4 days after the intended use.

Please note that the test should not be scheduled earlier than 6-8 hours after the last drug intake.

Other materials have their own parameters. For example, blood and saliva, as well as urine, are examined within 2 days, and data is obtained from hair for about 1-3 months (the method is rarely used, mainly in judicial practice).

The psychoactive substance itself also matters.

Each type of drug has its own optimal level of identification, which is:

• 6-8 hours (cocaine);
• up to 24 hours (barbiturates);
• within 48 hours (amphetamines, codeine, morphine, propoxyphene, cocaine metabolites);
• up to three days (heroin, methadone, benzadiazepine tranquilizers);
• a week or more (marijuana, methaquilone, long-acting barbiturates, phencyclidine).

These substances can be identified either in isolation or as part of complex test strips. If the reaction turns out to be positive when using a multi-test, then later, after consultation with a narcologist, it would be appropriate to do a targeted study on a specific, suspected drug.

The composition of the multiple express method may vary.

How is the procedure performed?

When collecting urine and blood tests, completely different methods are used. It all depends on what type of drug the procedure is performed on. Let’s say, if it is necessary to determine the remains of marijuana, then they conduct and detect the remains of cannaboids.

If the normal level is above 50 ng/ml, the test will give a positive result. And accordingly, a person uses this type of drug.

But we must remember that no one forbids retaking the material. And with self-confidence and a positive result, everyone has the right to choose.

For several days, a person should not drink alcohol and reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. If possible, stop taking pills.

Cocaine is a potent nervous system stimulant. But after consumption, it is quickly excreted in the urine within five hours.

Determined by the remnants of metabolites, which are excreted over another two days. If the laboratory reveals a result of more than 300ng/ml, then it is considered positive.

Finding synthetic substances

Unlike cocaine, amphetamine is easy to detect. It stays in the body for a long time. Determined using the same method with morphine, heroin, salt and LSD. A result exceeding 300 ng/ml is considered positive.

But quite often, when using, say, a common drug called Codeine, it undergoes a slight transformation into amphetamine. And amphetamine, in turn, gives a false positive result.

That is why, when using any strong medications, you should inform both your doctor and laboratory technicians.

Shelf life of drugs in urine

Each potentially fatal poison is stored for a certain number of days.

Depending on this quantity, the degree of urgency of taking material for research is determined.

During a one-time use, the timing will be as follows:

1. Amphetamine - no more than two days.
2. Cocaine and heroin - no more than three days.
3. Hemp - no more than four days.

But it is also natural that with prolonged use they will be present longer. Thus, the same amphetamine already persists for one to seven days. Phenobarbital will also be detected.

Heroin for up to eight days, ecstasy for three days. Marijuana - one month. But no one can deny the fact that, to a large extent, the delay in the body depends on physiological processes, body weight, and the number of days of use.

Is it possible to cheat the result?

A person who is 100% sure that he is right will never even think of changing the result. Otherwise, it's certainly easy to do.

Can:

• replace your biomaterial with a donor one, which in any case will give a negative result;
• leave the material in the open air for at least two hours. During this time, the substances will simply evaporate;
• Drinking plenty of liquid one or two days before the test will speed up your metabolism.

But not everyone knows that deliberately substituting urine entails criminal liability. Therefore, it is worth carrying out this procedure only in special clinics to avoid mistakes.

Some features of taking drug tests

Some people seeking help are concerned about the possibility of detecting surfactants when consuming smoking mixtures (spice), nasvay, salts, and mixes containing an unknown amount and composition of narcotic substances. But even in these cases, a rapid test will show the presence of the existing ingredient in the contents of the mixture.

Chemical techniques can be supplemented by psychological testing studies. These methods are indicated when the tests do not give a positive result, but other information indicates that the person being examined is still involved in taking psychoactive substances.

The psychological test is assessed against the background of an individual conversation with the patient, as well as on information provided by the client’s relatives or loved ones. In most cases, after talking to a narcologist, it is possible to identify the existing problem, although it is not always possible to immediately identify the drug to which one is addicted.

If drug addiction is detected at the Ugodie clinic, the patient will immediately be offered a course of treatment, followed by coding and rehabilitation.

Want to take drug tests? Call us right now: +7 (495) 475-65-52.

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Quickly make CTI in St. Petersburg for weapons and security activities

Quickly make CTI in St. Petersburg for weapons and security activities

The Armory Medical Medical Commission of the Primorsky District of St. Petersburg publishes a review from our client about undergoing a medical analysis of CTI at the Forensic Medical Examination Bureau of the Leningrad Region (hereinafter referred to as BSME LO) on the street. Shkapina. The main difference of this institution is the ability to take a CTI analysis and get a result within 15 minutes.

Analysis of chemical technology in BSME LO address: St. Petersburg, Shkapina street, building 36-38-40B

Analysis schedule: Monday - Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.

The price of chemical technical analysis in BSME LO on the street. Shkapina - 900 rubles.

Telephone BSME LO on KhTI 252-31-24

Payment for the CTI analysis is carried out at the expense of the citizen (clause 9 of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2016 No. 441n “On the procedure for conducting a medical examination for the presence of medical contraindications to the possession of weapons and chemical and toxicological studies of the presence of narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs in the human body substances and their metabolites")

The most convenient way to get to the CTI analysis is by metro to the Baltiyskaya station, up the escalator and exit in the direction of the Obvodny Canal embankment.

Then turn left towards Bibliotechny Lane and move towards the street. Shkapina (see photo 1)

When you reach Shkapina Street, turn left and go straight (see photo 2)

Having reached house 36 on Shkapina Street, you need to turn left into the arch (see photo 3)

Coming out of the arch of house 36 on Shkapina Street, you will see the red building of the BSME LO where the CTI analysis is taken, you need to go around it on the left (see Photo 4)

When you go around the house, you will see two porches, you need to go to the nearest one (see photo 5)

Now you have reached BSME LO on Shkapina Street 36-38-40B (see photo of the sign).

You open the door, you find yourself in the dressing room, where the checkpoint is located, there you need to provide your passport to the security officer, he will write you down in the log and let you into the building. After passing the turnstile, you need to turn right and after passing security, turn left, go to the end of the corridor and in front of you will be office No. 104. Despite the announcement in the office that CTI analysis is carried out only for residents of the Leningrad region, now CTI analysis is also accepted for residents of St. Petersburg .

After entering the office, the nurse will fill out the contract and give you a urine jar, which will need to be filled in the sanitary unit on the same floor and returned to room 104.

After returning the biomaterial for CTI analysis, you will be given a copy of the contract and an invoice for 900 rubles, which will need to be paid at the cash desk.

The ticket office is located on the 3rd floor. You will need to return to the security room and climb the stairs to the third floor.

I only accept cash at the box office. You pay for the CTI analysis, go down to the first floor and hand over the check to room 104. After about 10 minutes, the result is ready and the doctor gives you a copy of the contract, a check, and the CTI analysis. You have the right to request the issuance of a second copy of the CTI conclusion ("At the request of the person being examined in the medical organization specified in paragraph 6 of this Procedure, he is given a copy of the certificate of the results of chemical and toxicological studies" clause 21 of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2016 No. 441n “On the procedure for conducting a medical examination for the presence of medical contraindications to the possession of weapons and chemical and toxicological studies of the presence of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their metabolites in the human body”)

It is advisable that you be given a second copy of this paper, but if not, and you are a resident of the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg, then it is better for you to make a photocopy yourself before going to the drug treatment clinic in the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg, since they do not have a photocopier and all chemical technical equipment there they copy using fax. (There they take 1 copy of the chemical technical information and give you a copy certified by the dispensary, which will be needed at the medical examination and in the licensing system).

What is the result of such an analysis?

If two pink stripes appear on the indicators, then it is concluded that the urine does not contain the drug, or its concentration is insufficient for detection by immunochromatographic method. If one pink stripe appears, we can talk about the presence of a narcotic substance: marijuana, ephedron derivatives, opiates, barbituric acid derivatives, amphetamines, cocaine, phencyclidine, benzodiazepines, ecstasy.

Testing

Immunochromatographic (ICA) rapid research method can detect traces of 14 types of drugs if a person has used them within the last 5 days. It is based on conducting urine through absorbents. The desired element or its breakdown products, when interacting with antibodies, forms a pair: antigen-antibody, which changes the color of the test strip. A weak concentration is analyzed by another antigen that stains the control zone. As a result, the amount of the desired substance is fixed when painting a particular zone. Systemic drug use is indicated by 2 markers. The laboratory issues the test result on the day the material is submitted.

Tests for drug use can be done independently at home. They are strips impregnated with indicator substances. How to test at home? Before use, urine should be kept for 10 minutes at room temperature, after which 15-20 ml should be poured into a clean, dry container. The test kit contains instructions and a sealed plate for a one-time analysis. The tablet is printed, the names of the drugs are written on it, opposite each of which there are test windows for visual assessment of the result. The tablet is released from the cap and lowered into the urine vertically to the limit line for 30 seconds, after which the analyzer is removed, the cap is put on and left to lie on a flat horizontal surface. After 5 minutes (but no later than 10) you can evaluate the result of the reaction. If 2 stripes appear in the test zones, there are no drugs in the urine. If 1 band is detected, which is also the control band, the result is positive. The absence of a line in the test window indicates that the corresponding drug has been detected.

The following tests can be purchased at the pharmacy:

• IHA-3 - a set of strips for the simultaneous detection of morphine, marijuana, and amphetamine in urine;
• ICA-6 - can detect 6 drugs in urine (morphine, amphetamine, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, benzodiazepine).

Similar studies at home can be carried out to identify 1, 3, 5 and 10 types of drugs. The quantity of detected drugs and their names are indicated on the packaging. The simplest and cheapest test is for marijuana. They can differ in application only in the way they come into contact with urine: some are placed on a flat surface and apply the liquid with a pipette, others are immersed in it. When purchasing a test, you should pay attention to the expiration date.

Advantages of this research method

The main advantages of using the immunochromatographic analysis method are:

• Convenience and simplicity - allows you to get the result (initial presentation and analysis of the cause of the disease) without special skills and equipment.
• Reliability – the reliability of tests reaches 99.8%, each test has an internal built-in control.
• Anonymity is especially important when identifying sexually transmitted diseases, other infectious diseases, as well as establishing drug use.
• Cost-effective – anyone can purchase the test, saving time on analysis.
• Independence – does not require prior consultation or a doctor’s prescription.

Indications for the purpose of analysis

Chemical-toxicological examination is recommended if the following symptoms and pathologies are present:

• excessive drooling;
• breathing problems;
• elevated temperature;
• excessive dryness of the skin and mucous membranes;
• neuralgia;
• allergy;
• oncology;
• depression.

A chemical-toxicological analysis of urine is carried out:

• applicants to universities, technical schools, colleges and schools;
• students of military departments;
• those responsible for road accidents in order to detect alcohol and drugs in their blood;
• when processing migration documents for citizens of the Russian Federation who travel abroad;
• children if their parents are drug addicts;
• employees of decreed groups, that is, those who are subject to mandatory medical examination, including security guards, drivers, machinists, pilots.

Who needs to conduct such research?

The described procedure must be carried out:

• people located outside the Russian Federation for the legal registration of migration documents;
• persons entering secondary and higher educational institutions, and students studying in military departments;
• children whose parents have reason to believe that they are taking drugs;
• employers hiring people in decreed professions;
• when performing a medical check for the use of drugs, alcohol, and when establishing guilt in traffic accidents.

The last question remains to be answered: “Where should a chemical and toxicological study be carried out?” This procedure is carried out in specialized laboratories of intoxication treatment centers.