Isothenuria: what it is, diagnosis and what needs to be done

The folk way to cleanse the kidneys! Our grandmothers were treated using this recipe...

Cleaning your kidneys is easy! You need to add it during meals...

Have you been trying to cure your KIDNEYS for many years?

Head of the Institute of Nephrology: “You will be amazed at how easy it is to heal your kidneys just by taking it every day...

Read more "

High blood pressure is often associated with kidney problems. In medical practice, the phenomenon of renal pressure is called renal hypertension. Statistics show that in approximately every 7 people diagnosed with high blood pressure, the problem lies in the kidneys. Kidney pressure is the most common cause of high blood pressure in people under 30 years of age. Low blood pressure can also be caused by kidney pathologies, but this phenomenon is rare.

How do kidneys affect blood pressure?

Blood pressure and kidneys are interconnected, which is why the occurrence of kidney complaints can have a negative impact on blood pressure. The main task of the kidneys is to filter the blood to cleanse it of toxins and other harmful substances, and in addition, remove excess fluid. If there is more fluid in the blood than required by the circulatory system, an increase in blood pressure is observed.

Low blood pressure, on the other hand, occurs when fluid levels are low and mild dehydration occurs. That is why most doctors, when treating pathological conditions associated with high blood pressure, among other things, prescribe diuretics designed to speed up the process of water removal, since the connection between these processes has been well studied.

There are 2 main types of hypertension, which can be caused by damage to the parenchyma due to the development of inflammatory diseases, as well as due to damage to blood vessels by diseases of the cardiovascular system. The reasons for the development of one or another type of hypertension may lie in the following diseases:

• glomerulonephritis;
• pyelonephritis;
• lupus nephritis;
• hydronephrosis;
• aortoarteritis;
• arterial dysplasia;
• polycystic disease;
• atherosclerosis.

In addition, the reasons for the appearance of abnormal pressure may also lie in congenital abstractions of the kidney tissue. Features of problems that cause high blood pressure must be taken into account when diagnosing. In case of parenchymal hypertension, conservative methods of influence will help correct the situation. In the case of renovascular hypertension, the problem can only be corrected through surgery.

The main mechanisms of increased pressure due to improper or incomplete kidney function include a lot of points that need to be taken into account when diagnosed with hypertension. It is immediately worth noting that the kidneys are directly involved in maintaining blood pressure, since to maintain normal pressure in the organ itself, a number of substances are produced that can have a direct effect on vascular tone.

Substances that cause high blood pressure are called pressors. Compounds that help lower blood pressure are called depressants. In order to maintain normal blood pressure in any stressful situation, these substances are produced in different proportions. Kidney disease increases the production of pressor substances, including renin, to compensate for partially lost kidney function. All diseases that provoke changes in pressure, to one degree or another, lead to a slowdown in blood flow in the kidney itself.

Signs and symptoms of abnormal renal blood pressure

Considering that the causes of abnormal blood pressure may lie in a wide variety of pathological processes affecting the general condition of the kidneys, the severity of symptoms in different patients can vary significantly. In the presence of renal pressure, a clear systolic murmur is diagnosed when listening, and in addition, there is a significant increase in lower diastolic pressure up to 240 mm Hg. Art. combined with a slight decrease in pulse pressure. However, there are more typical clinical manifestations, including:

• headache;
• increased heart rate;
• asymmetry of blood pressure in the extremities;
• slight hyposthenuria;
• the appearance of “floaters” before the eyes at the slightest physical activity;
• impaired nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys.

The manifestations of renal blood pressure are in many ways similar to essential hypertension, but there are still certain differences. The thing is that with a significant increase in blood pressure with essential hypertension, patients enter a state called hypertensive crisis. This phenomenon is accompanied by a very serious deterioration of the condition. In the case of renal blood pressure, even if it increases to critical levels, a person may not experience significant consequences. However, this does not mean that kidney pressure is not dangerous, as the opposite is true.

The absence of obvious symptoms leads to the fact that a person does not pay attention to his condition.

Meanwhile, pathological renal blood pressure contributes to the development of congestive processes in the heart and other pathologies, which can subsequently reduce the quality of life and its duration. To identify renal pressure, the symptoms of which have not manifested themselves acutely, a number of studies need to be carried out, including:

• Ultrasound;
• angiography:
• general blood analysis;
• general urine analysis;
• renography.

Treatment of high renal pressure primarily includes a set of measures aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. In most cases, the principle of treatment for renal pressure is based on eliminating symptoms.

What is tenesmus?

Tenesmus is defined as “a feeling of urgency to have a bowel movement, even if it is empty” ().
This is one of the most common symptoms associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis ().

Tenesmus is sometimes called rectal tenesmus because it is primarily caused by inflammation of the rectum, the last part of the colon that ends at the anus.

Bladder tenesmus is similar to rectal tenesmus, but instead of affecting the rectum, it affects the bladder. This condition is characterized by a feeling of inability to completely empty the bladder and frequent urination, although little urine is produced.

Other nutrients

The list of essential nutrients is supplemented by other sought-after substances.

Individual groups

Substances involved in many processes of the human body:

• Biotics. Helps beneficial microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. They are divided into pre-, pro- and synbiotics.
• Plant pigments: flavonoids, anthocyanins, lycopene.
• Catechins, tannins. Astringents, tannins.

These are also enzymes, carotenoids, phytoncides, alkaloids.

Acids

Acids are used as independent substances or as part of others:

• Adipic acid. This nutrient is designated on the package as E355 (acidifier or leavening agent).
• Alginic acid. The second name is “algal acid”.
• Lactic acid. This nutrient is produced by the human body and is found in fermented milk products.
• Amino acids. Organic compounds, building materials for protein synthesis. This species accumulates two hundred substances, of which a tenth is contained in food products. A dozen nutrients are essential for the body (lysine, arginine, others). Amino acids are also used as food additives. For example, the sodium salt of glutamic acid is E621.
• Acetic acid. For household needs, this nutrient is used diluted, like vinegar.
• Other organic acids: tartaric, benzoic, citric, formic, oxalic, malic, succinic.

Common and “exotic” nutrients

The names of these substances are familiar:

• antioxidants;
• starch;
• xylitol;
• caffeine;
• yeast;
• cholesterol;
• chlorophyll;
• steroids.

“Exotic” nutrients that are included in food:

• terpenoids;
• coumarins;
• sterols;
• gum;
• chitin;
• beta-sitosterol;
• bromelain;
• lignans;
• saponins.

Finally, these are dietary supplements (BAS).

Symptoms and signs of tenesmus

The most common symptoms of tenesmus are ():

• Feeling like you need to go to the toilet (empty your bowels) immediately. This may happen suddenly or immediately after you go to the toilet. You may come out of the toilet and feel like you need to go to the toilet again, but nothing will happen as a result.
• Repeated very small bowel movements throughout the day.
• Abdominal pain and discomfort. The pain usually goes away after a bowel movement.
• Spasms in the intestines and stomach.
• Feeling like you can't empty your bowels completely. This may be due to constipation, which can occur when you are dealing with tenesmus.
• Concern about tenesmus, including decreased quality of life, trouble sleeping, insecurity in social settings, and nervousness that symptoms will return.
• Depending on the cause of your tenesmus, you may also experience signs of infection such as fever. If tenesmus is caused by cancer affecting the colon or rectum, there may also be blood in your stool.

How to apply

The most common two forms of antichamoin are available: liquid, emulsion-based, and solid, reminiscent of lipstick in shape and texture.

Solid antisulfur paints over areas of the skin more intensely, while liquid antisera only gives a slight lightening tint. Therefore, it is recommended for young women to use the product in solid form. For older ladies, it is still advisable to opt for an emulsion preparation. This texture of the product is more flexible and will not emphasize small wrinkles, as antisera in a hard texture will certainly do.

Makeup artists do not advise mature women over the age of fifty to use antisex, since in this case it will not only not hide skin defects under the eyes, but will also treacherously emphasize deep folds and wrinkles.

For the product to help, you must adhere to a certain application pattern.

First you need to improve the appearance of the skin in the area around the eyes and tone it. To do this, you can use ice cubes or cool micellar water. The cold will help tone the skin.

Then you can apply your regular eye cream or gel. After the cream is absorbed, antisulfur is applied to those places that need to be masked. Often these are the inner corners of the eyes, where the blood vessels are located close to the surface of the skin and the skin has a bluish tint. The inner side of the under-eye space has the same shade, and it is advisable to disguise this blueness.

The layer of antisulfur applied should be thin and well shaded. You can do this directly with your fingertips, gently tapping the texture of the product into the skin. At the same time, it is best to go beyond the semicircle, which is painted in a bluish tint, and shade the antichamois a little further - this will result in a more reliable camouflage. Please note that one layer of antisulfur may not be enough, so you can make it double or triple.

The final touch is applying foundation. This is a required step if you are using an antisera with color-correcting properties - pink or, for example, orange. The foundation hides the remnants of the orange pigment and fixes the antisera.

When covering up the shade of antisera, remember that the additional coverage should not overload the skin - otherwise the cosmetics will get caught in the folds and will attract unnecessary attention to the area around the eyes.

When cleansing the face of makeup, the antisern is removed with a special eye makeup remover.

Causes and risk factors of tenesmus

The most common reason people experience tenesmus is due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Tenesmus is thought to affect people with ulcerative colitis (UC) more often than people with Crohn's disease because UC causes rectal hypersensitivity, although both diseases can cause tenesmus.

Besides IBD, here are other causes of tenesmus:

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
• Anxiety.
• Colonoscopy or surgery that affects the intestines.
• Infections that affect the intestines/digestive system, which may rarely include sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia, which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease ().
• Intestinal motility disorders.
• Pregnancy and sometimes PMS or PMDD.
• Irradiation of the rectum or colon (so-called radiation proctitis or colitis).
• Anorectal abscess, a painful condition that causes pus to form near the anus.
• Colorectal cancer or tumors in the intestines.

The main cause of tenesmus is inflammation of the intestines. The intestine is considered part of the gastrointestinal tract in the digestive system, and is located below the stomach, including the small intestine, colon, and rectum.

Rectal dysfunction usually appears to be involved in the development of tenesmus. The small nerves and muscles of the rectum may begin to spasm, leading to a feeling of urgency to go to the toilet. Some patients are told they have "rectal hypersensitivity," especially those with IBS, a term that describes erroneous signals sent between the gut and the brain.

One study found that 64% of IBS patients had rectal hypersensitivity, particularly in IBS patients with alternating constipation and diarrhea, but less frequently in constipation-predominant IBS patients ().

Can stress cause tenesmus? Severe stress can cause tenesmus in people who are prone to digestive problems such as IBD or IBS. However, normal daily strain should not cause tenesmus.

The reason stress affects the gastrointestinal tract is because the gut is closely connected to the brain. These organs actually communicate constantly through a large nerve called the vagus nerve, which sends signals from your central nervous system (brain and spine) to your gastrointestinal (GI) system ().

In response to stress, your gastrointestinal tract may or may not produce certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, that are important to your well-being.

Here are the risk factors for developing tenesmus:

• Untreated food sensitivities and allergies (especially to dairy, gluten, and other FODMAP foods that contain certain carbohydrates).
• Poor diet, which can increase inflammation.
• Chronic stress or temporary intense emotional or physical stress.
• Having a family history of IBS or IBD.
• A sedentary lifestyle with little to no physical activity.
• Low immune function, which may increase the risk of infections.
• Personal or family history of colon or rectal cancer. Smoking, drug use, and alcoholism can increase your risk of developing these cancers.
• Old age, which can cause a number of digestive problems.
• Using certain medications that interfere with digestion.
• History of untreated sexually transmitted diseases.
• Other sources of stress such as travel, illness and lack of sleep.
• Changes in sleep and circadian rhythm.
• Hormonal imbalance or changes (menstruation, menopause or pregnancy may cause symptoms).

Macronutrients

This class consists of substances that the human body requires a lot (tens to hundreds of grams daily).

Squirrels

The second name for substances is proteins. In the human body there are 20-23% of them:

• This component is the main building material of the body. Protein is made up of a combination of amino acids. There are only 20 of them, but the combinations create thousands of protein structures.
• Eight of the 20 amino acids are essential, but are not synthesized by the body, and therefore must be present as nutrients in foods.
• Proteins are divided into animal or plant, fast or slow. Animal nutrients are complete and contain all essential amino acids. There are no substances derived from plants, but this component reduces cholesterol levels.

Fast protein structures (milk or egg) are absorbed by the human body almost instantly, slow protein structures (cottage cheese) take hours.

Fats

The section is represented by several modifications:

Fatty acid

Divided into two types:

1. Unsaturated. Omega-3 (polyunsaturated fatty acid) and omega-9. Omega-9 enters the body with vegetable oils, and is also synthesized by them. Omega-3 comes only from food.
2. Saturated. Omega-6 is not synthesized by the human body.

It is critical for humans to maintain a balance between saturated and unsaturated acids. Usually saturated ones predominate, because “their” products are cheaper.

Phospholipids

Fats with phosphoric acid. The most famous substance is lecithin.

Trans fats

The result of heat treatment of fats (especially frying). The beneficial properties of such nutrients are zero. Unrefined vegetable oils have the greatest biological value for the human body.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a mixed bag. They disrupt metabolism and saturate the blood with sugar. But this class of nutrients is the main source of human energy. It is divided into high and low molecular weight compounds. The second name for low molecular weight substances is sugar (mono-, di- and oligosaccharides).

Monosaccharides, or simple sugars:

• Galactose. This nutrient is milk sugar, which is found in human breast milk.
• Glucose. The main energy supply of the body. The amount of glucose affects a person’s physical and mental activity.
• Fructose. This fruit sugar is one and a half times sweeter than regular sugar, three times sweeter than glucose.

Disaccharides (two-component sugars):

• Sucrose. At the everyday level, this disaccharide (glucose + fructose) is known as sugar.
• Lactose. The nutrient is a source of glucose and galactose, called milk sugar. Six times less sweet than sucrose.
• Maltose. Malt sugar extracted from sprouted cereal grains. It is inferior in sweetness to sucrose, fructose and glucose, but does not destroy teeth. The substance is also produced by the human body from glycogen (concentrated in muscles and liver).

Polysaccharides. Carbohydrates, the molecules of which are composed of monosaccharides (from tens to thousands):

• Glycogen. This component of glucose residues is an instant source of energy for the body, stored “just in case.” Because it is found in animals or humans, the nutrient is called animal starch.
• Cellulose. Another name is dietary fiber. This ingredient is not digested by the intestines, but is necessary for the absorption of other nutrients.
• Hemicellulose. A plant substance that is indigestible by the body. The fibers resemble fruit pulp.
• Pectins. This nutrient removes “bad” cholesterol and improves digestion.

The listed plant polysaccharides are similar to oligosaccharides (galacto- and fructo-) - prebiotics derived from lactose.

By weight, carbohydrates are in first place among the organic compounds of living organisms.

Standard treatment for tenesmus

If you see your doctor for help with tenesmus, he or she will likely ask you about your symptoms, gastrointestinal history, and perform a rectal examination. Other tests may also be needed to determine the underlying cause of tenesmus. These tests may include: a colonoscopy to examine the colon and rectum, a blood test, a CT scan, and a stool culture test.

What medications are available to treat tenesmus?

• Anti-inflammatory drugs and/or immunomodulators.
• Antispasmodics, which are smooth muscle relaxants.
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are sometimes used to treat symptoms of tenesmus associated with stress, anxiety, or IBS. Other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and agents that modulate chloride channels and serotonin are also prescribed. Unfortunately, these drugs usually cause side effects such as dry mouth, dry eyes, weight gain, sedation, urinary retention, and vision changes.
• Anticholinergics, usually taken before meals if symptoms usually begin at this time.
• Anticonvulsants, which are used to treat chronic pain.
• Use of antibiotics and probiotics (“good bacteria” that colonize the intestines) if an infection is present.
• If tenesmus causes pain and cramping, your doctor may recommend that you take ibuprofen or another over-the-counter pain reliever.
• Painkillers, including strong medications such as methadone, which can be used to treat tenesmus in some cases. Such drugs are typically the last treatment option for patients with advanced cancer who experience persistent pain that does not go away with other treatments ().
• Endoscopic and surgical therapy is rarely required.

In patients with advanced cancer, tenesmus is difficult to treat. Surgery, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy usually do not help eliminate tenesmus and may even worsen the condition of patients ().

Cancer patients with tenesmus can sometimes find some relief by taking the above medications, improving their diet, and relieving constipation or diarrhea.

Precautionary measures

If your tenesmus symptoms are severe enough to affect your quality of life, if they keep coming back and do not respond to treatment, talk to your doctor right away to rule out serious underlying conditions. If you develop any of the following symptoms, contact your doctor immediately to prevent your symptoms from getting worse:

• Bloody stool.
• Severe abdominal pain.
• Signs of infection such as fever, chills and body aches.
• Constant nausea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
• Continuous loss of appetite and weight loss.

Micronutrients

For the human body, nutrient standards are measured in milli-, micro- or other fractions of grams.

Vitamins

Vitamins have zero calories and are not energy providers or components of body tissue.
But for humans these are vital nutrients. Most vitamins are coenzymes (part of enzymes). Of the 13 vitamins, the human body synthesizes five:

• A – from food consumed;
• B3 (niacin) – from the amino acid tryptophan;
• B7, K – in the gastrointestinal tract;
• D - this vitamin is created in the skin tissue by ultraviolet light (sun or other source).

People are forced to obtain the remaining nutrients from food or pharmaceutical drugs.

Antioxidant vitamins: C, E, beta-carotene.

Vitamins are divided into two categories:

• water-soluble vitamins – C, group B; excess is eliminated naturally;
• fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K; this type accumulates in the liver and adipose tissue.

Vitamin-like substances - biotin, carnitine, folic acid, other structures.

Minerals minerals

This nutrient segment includes micro and macronutrients.

Macronutrients:

• potassium,
• calcium,
• magnesium,
• sodium,
• chlorine,
• phosphorus,
• sulfur.

There are more than two dozen microelements.

Compounds of iron, selenium, iodine, zinc, magnesium, copper, cobalt, and silicon are indispensable for human health.

Summarize

Tenesmus is a feeling of urgency to have a bowel movement, even if it is already empty.

Symptoms of tenesmus include cramping, frequent bowel movements, constipation, pain, diarrhea, and sometimes signs of infection or disease such as fever and bloody stools.

The main causes of tenesmus may be inflammatory bowel disease, IBS, infections, hormonal changes, stress, or rectal/bowel cancer.

Natural ways to relieve symptoms of tenesmus include treating underlying conditions such as IBD, eating an anti-inflammatory diet and drinking enough water, treating constipation and diarrhea, managing stress, improving sleep and exercise, limiting caffeine, alcohol and smoking, taking certain supplements, such as probiotics, digestive enzymes, omega-3 and others.