Urine for cancer - Urine analysis for bladder, kidney, breast and pancreatic cancer

Kidney cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Russia. It ranks 10th in terms of incidence among all malignant neoplasms and is second only to prostate cancer in terms of the growth rate of new detected cases. These statistics are provided by the National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov.

Article on the topic The filter fails. How do the kidneys signal that they are unhealthy?

There are several diagnostic methods that can indicate the presence of this disease.

Color change

When performing a laboratory study of the composition of urine, specialists have the opportunity to determine how well the kidneys, heart and blood vessels function, as well as the state of the immune system. For example, if the biomass has a light yellow tint, diabetes mellitus or hypervolemia can be diagnosed.

If the urine has a dark yellow tint, then the patient may have dehydration, heart failure, cholelithiasis and liver pathologies. In case of cancer, a urine test will indicate that the biological fluid has a reddish tint. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of blood enters it.

The color of urine changes depending on the stage of cancer. Source: urology.propto.ru

When there are too many red blood cells in the urine, the urine will resemble the color of meat slop. However, this parameter may also indicate that the patient has taken certain medications, has urolithiasis, or has progressive glomerulonephritis.

Also, people who take a urine test for oncology may notice that the biological fluid has a certain turbidity. This is due to the fact that the composition contains many leukocytes, erythrocytes, bacteria, protein, and epithelium. As a result, the density or specific gravity will certainly increase.

For cancer to develop, there must be a certain contributing factor. If any internal organ or system does not function correctly, then there is a high probability that the oncological process will begin to progress. In this case, a urine test will also show an increased concentration of salts, bilirubin, ketone bodies, and glucose.

Kidney cancer treatment

The main treatment for kidney cancer is surgery. The extent of the operation, subsequent radiation treatments, and the prescription of chemotherapy drugs depend on the stage, signs of the process, prevalence, size, and the presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes and distant organs.

Resection is used to treat localized kidney cancer. In other cases, nephrectomy is performed, i.e. removal of the kidney. A contraindication to kidney removal is the presence of a single kidney.

Resection of kidney cancer is a less traumatic operation than tumor removal. The treatment method and the extent of the operation also depend on the presence of concomitant diseases that the patient has.

Determination of tumor markers

All these parameters that were described above may be present not only in patients who have cancer pathology. That is why a general examination of urine can only give an understanding that there are some problems in the body. Accordingly, if a specialist has prescribed an analysis, it must be done.

Cancer can only be diagnosed if a urine test is performed to determine tumor markers, which also indicate precancerous conditions. If there is bladder cancer, the UBS tumor marker is detected in the urine. This fragment is part of a protein. We can talk about the progression of a dangerous disease only when its norm is exceeded 150 times.

The area of ​​tumor localization based on identified tumor markers. Source: medic.expert

Tests to detect cancer are rarely quick. For example, when identifying tumor markers, it will take from 5 to 7 days to obtain results. As for the rules for collecting biological material, they are standard, and the patient must complete all stages of preparation as before a regular general urine test.

It is worth noting that the UBS tumor marker can indicate the presence of a tumor in the mammary and pancreas, bronchopulmonary and reproductive systems, intestines and liver. In most cases, if the pathological process has affected the lung tissue, a tumor marker such as CYFRA 21-1 is determined. An increase in values ​​confirms the disease, but its absence also does not mean that there is no cancer.

The process of identifying and confirming cancer is quite complex and lengthy. To detect the problem and determine the localization area, an integrated approach is required. Therefore, urine analysis for cancer is always complemented by other laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods.

definition, indications and contraindications, timing, types and methods, rehabilitation

The peculiarity of cancer is that in the initial stages of development they are practically asymptomatic. This makes the process of identifying them much more difficult. And everyone knows that the chances of a complete cure are greatest when the tumor has spread slightly, when it can be completely removed through surgery. Given these facts, regular examination in medical institutions becomes especially important. General tests that indirectly show cancer should be the reason for a more detailed examination of the body.

The content of the article

Will a blood test show cancer?

Disturbances in the functioning of the body can be noticed already in a general laboratory test. With the development of cancer cells, the hemoglobin level usually decreases, and in the presence of an inflammatory process, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the number of leukocytes increase.

More accurate is a blood test for cancer, which identifies so-called tumor markers. They are proteins secreted by atypical cancer cells and vary depending on the location of the tumor:

• tumor marker CA 72-4 – in the stomach and lungs;
• PSA – prostate gland;
• B-2-MG – can manifest itself in multiple myeloma, lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia;
• NOT 4 – in the ovaries;
• CA 19-9 – intestines, pancreas, stomach, liver;
• ACE – liver or ovaries, as well as the presence of metastases in them;
• CYFRA 21-1 and CA-242 - cancer in the bladder;
• CEA antigen is very indicative and may indicate the appearance of a tumor in the prostate, intestines, mammary glands, stomach, lungs, ovaries, and uterus.

This list includes only the main proteins, the indicators of which are most often checked. A specific biochemical test for the presence of proteins can be carried out if necessary.

Blood sampling from a vein should be performed in the morning. You should not eat before the procedure.

With the help of such a test, the location of the tumor, its size (the number of pathogenic proteins also increases), and the stage of development are determined.

It is important to know that the presence of these tumor markers does not necessarily mean the presence of a tumor in the body. A small amount of them is always present in the human body.

In addition, the level of tumor markers can increase with various diseases, even something as simple as a cold. A change in their level during pregnancy is also considered normal.

For a routine examination, a regular biochemical test is performed, which is not so informative, but can still indicate some pathological processes in the body.

Will a urine test show cancer?

A general urine test shows the functioning of the kidneys, the entire genitourinary system as a whole, the level of sugar, acetone and density.

Often there may be bloody discharge in the urine. When examining its sediment, it is possible to identify individual cancer cells if the tumor is localized in the bladder. With the accompanying inflammatory process, phosphates and purulent particles are detected, and an alkaline environment is formed.

Such tests for stomach cancer are also indicative, according to British scientists. They found that in the urine of a sick person there are six types of proteins that are secreted by atypical cells. The most common ones among them are called S100A6 and S1009. Determining the percentage of these elements is still being studied, but the benefits of such diagnostics of oncological pathologies are obvious. By regularly undergoing such simple and accessible tests, it is possible to detect a malignant process at an early stage, and therefore to successfully treat it.

Consultation with an oncologist on what tests are taken for cancer

In addition to the tests described above, you can take other tests for cancer: stool examination for hidden blood discharge and smears for women who are sexually active.

The first diagnostic method makes it possible to determine the early stages of a malignant process in the rectum or colon. It is recommended to be carried out regularly for people over 50 years of age.

The second must be done annually to prevent the development of a tumor in the uterus; the best time is the first week of the menstrual cycle. During its implementation, a small area of ​​the mucous membrane is analyzed for the presence of inflammation, pathological processes, and cancerous elements.

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When to get tested

In most cases, by examining biofluids, it is possible to diagnose bladder cancer or the presence of neoplasms in the organs of the reproductive system at an early stage of development. This is due to the fact that urine begins to change its color, since a large number of red blood cells enter it, that is, hematuria develops.

However, in situations where the patient has progressed to stage 1 or 2 prostate cancer, this symptom will be absent. Blood will begin to be released into urine only when the pathology reaches stages 3-4 of development. The patient in this condition feels very bad, since the surrounding structures and organs are involved in the oncological process.

If we consider the main indications for which it is necessary to take a urine test to detect oncology, then these are the patient’s complaints about the deterioration of his health, for example: lack of sexual desire, decreased potency, increased urination, pain in the perineum and groin, lack of appetite and weight loss.

A urine test can also confirm or rule out kidney and bladder cancer. The patient needs to go to the hospital in situations where he notices a certain disturbance in the urination process. Often this is an increase in urge, incontinence, and incomplete emptying of the bladder. If the tumor grows into the lumen of the canal, streaks of blood will appear in the urine.

As mentioned at the very beginning, various oncological processes can progress asymptomatically for a long time. Therefore, some patients may not notice any changes in their health until they experience severe bleeding that is difficult to stop.

You can learn a lot about what's going on inside by studying the characteristics of urine.

If the eyes are the mirror of the soul, then the toilet is the mirror of the body. It is necessary to monitor the color of your urine and strive for a light lemonade shade, which will indicate an optimal balance of water in the body.

Dehydration can be determined by the color of urine, but a blood test will be more effective. An American study looked at hydration tests among older people and found that urine, particularly color, could be altered by too many things to accurately predict fluid imbalance.

The yellowish color of urine comes from a chemical byproduct that is created when the kidneys do their job of processing waste. The more dehydrated the body, the more concentrated the urine and the darker the color. Pale yellow color reflects a good balance between excess and lack of water in the body.

Believe it or not, urine can come in all the colors of the rainbow. Heather West, who works in the hospital's laboratory, captured a wide range of colors during his work and even took a series of photographs proving the variety of shades of body fluids depending on various factors.

What indicates kidney cancer?

Specific signs of kidney cancer appear over a fairly long period of disease progression, when neighboring organs, tissues, and blood vessels are significantly damaged. Experts identify a so-called triad of symptoms: pain, the presence of blood in urine (hematuria) and a swollen kidney that can be felt. The totality of all manifestations is observed only in 15% of cases. For the rest, one of the signs predominates.

Hydronephrosis - symptoms and treatment, diagnosis and prevention of the disease

Symptoms of kidney cancer in men and women in the form of hematuria occur with renal cell malignant tumors. Urine changes color to burgundy or brown. In the early period of development of the pathology, blood in the urine appears unexpectedly, without any other manifestations, and can also stop spontaneously. Reoccurs at a severe stage of the disease. At the first bleeding, it is necessary to perform a cystoscopy to determine the cause of the phenomenon.

Painful signs of kidney cancer occur as a result of enlargement of the capsule of the urinary organ due to a neoplasm growing into it. They intensify when the urinary tract is blocked by blood clots. Then the pain is similar to colic.

The tumor can be felt in the area of ​​the lower pole of the internal organ. The neoplasm is immobile, dense and lumpy. Doctors perform the manipulation with the patient standing, as well as lying and sitting. If a person is obese, it will not be possible to detect a tumor in this way. It is possible for an exhausted person to feel the tumor on his own and tell a specialist about it.

With kidney cancer, a symptom in men is an enlargement of one of the testicles. Varicocele, which develops in old age, indicates a strong tumor growth in the body of a representative of the stronger sex. Signs of kidney cancer in women are expressed mostly by an increase in the ring of veins in the abdomen, lower extremities, and the appearance of thrombosis.

Cancer develops in this organ very rarely. Women are much less at risk than men.

This is due to the fact that the stronger sex takes much worse care of their health, visits the doctor less often and more often has bad habits.

If kidney cancer develops in a woman, it is mainly after crossing the border at the age of 40.

No one can say for sure what causes cancer. In this case, it is definitely possible to exclude infection from one person to another.

Experts have identified factors that give the greatest likelihood of developing a malignant tumor. Reasons include:

1. High blood pressure. Hypertensive patients are at risk.
2. The harmful effects of bad habits. It has been noted that the likelihood of cancer increases by 2 times if a person smokes.
3. Excessive fullness. Obesity is a direct path to many pathologies. Kidney cancer may well occur in a person as a result of increased body weight. Even if this is not a dominant factor, it will certainly be a secondary one.
4. Working in hazardous work. Kidney cancer is very often found in people who work in hazardous industries where there is an increased level of carcinogens.
5. Long-term dialysis. Dialysis is an artificial equipment that replaces the kidneys. It performs the same functions. When a person lives for a long time with an artificial purifier, he becomes more sensitive to mutational changes.

Red color of urine

You've probably eaten beets, blackberries or rhubarb. Reddish and pink gastric juice after eating beets is a phenomenon common enough that it even got its name: bituria. Some of the compounds responsible for the color of red foods are excreted in urine after processing by the kidneys.

A pinkish tint should appear within 24 hours after you eat boiled beets, for example, but if the coloring lingers, it could be a sign of a bladder or kidney tumor.

If you have not eaten beets, rhubarb, or blackberries recently, or if you notice any blood clots or other pieces of tissue in your urine, please contact your doctor. Both cases are rare in men and are diagnosed in women because their physiology is different.

Treatment methods for prostate adenoma

Treatment for adenoma

Treatment of the disease and elimination of symptoms depend on how severe the latter are. After the examination, the doctor may prescribe:

• medicines;
• insertion of a catheter into the urinary tract;
• surgical intervention.

Home therapy with folk remedies is also acceptable, but only after the permission of the treating specialist. All medications and medical procedures are selected individually.

In the early stages of the disease, preference is given to conservative treatment methods. When prostate adenoma is complicated by acute urinary retention, assistance is provided to the patient immediately, artificially ensuring the evacuation of fluid from the bladder. The outflow of urine is organized in two ways. The patient either has a catheter inserted through the urethra or undergoes surgery to insert a catheter through the abdominal wall.

We invite you to read: PSA norm after removal of prostate cancer

Men can try to treat adenoma with folk remedies. The following will help improve the urination process and improve urine flow:

1. Compresses on the lower abdomen made from onion pulp, which should be done daily, leaving the medicine to act for 1-2 hours.
2. Take rosehip tincture with vodka, 5-10 drops twice a day.
3. Drink an infusion of elderberry and horsetail roots in the amount of 1 glass per day.
4. Chewing juniper berries, but only if there is no kidney inflammation.
5. Drink a decoction of rowan or black currant berries as tea.
6. Take 1 glass of oat straw decoction orally three times a day.
7. A collection of birch buds and dill seeds, which should be drunk in the amount of 1 glass throughout the day in small sips.

For any complications of prostate adenoma, home treatment should be stopped and consult a doctor. Blood in the urine with prostate adenoma should also be a signal to visit the hospital.

Orange color of urine - causes and signs of disease

Just as your skin can turn orange if you eat too many carrots, so can your urine. This means that you have overdose of beta-carotene, which is then excreted from the body in urine.

Treating UTIs (urinary tract infections) with Uropyrine (Pyridium) and Warfarin, blood thinners, can also cause orange urine. If you are taking these medications, your doctor will warn you about changes in urine color, so there is no need to worry.

If you see more neon or fluorescent orange in your urine, you may have liver-related disorders, especially if you notice a yellowish tint to the whites of your eyes.

Green urine

Make an appointment with a doctor

Despite common misconception, eating asparagus or broccoli in vegetarian meals will not turn your urine green.

In some cases, greenish gastric juice may be a sign of a specific form of urinary tract infection caused by Proteus microorganisms.

Green urine can also be caused by kidney stones, so you should consult a doctor and get the necessary tests.

The first signs of liver cancer:

Dramatic weight loss

Sudden weight loss is typical for liver cancer. This symptom is observed in 85% of patients. Therefore, if in a few weeks you have lost 10% of weight or more, and at the same time you have not changed your lifestyle and diet, then you should urgently consult a doctor and find out the reason for such serious changes.

Feeling of heaviness and aching pain in the right hypochondrium

Heaviness and aching pain in the right hypochondrium most often indicates the presence of serious pathologies in the liver.

This symptom very often manifests itself in liver cancer, since in 88% of cases with this cancer the liver becomes enlarged. Therefore, if this symptom is detected, it is important to consult a doctor and undergo an examination.

Darkening of urine

Darkening of urine when drinking enough water may indicate the presence of serious liver diseases, including liver cancer.

If your urine has become significantly darker, then you should consult a doctor and undergo a medical examination, since for diseases that are characterized by darkening of urine, it is important to begin timely treatment.

Fatigue and fever

With liver cancer, fatigue often occurs. The person becomes more irritable and moody. In this case, the body temperature rises to a level of 37.0 - 37.5 degrees and lasts for a long period of time.

Yellowing of the skin and eyes

With liver cancer, it is quite common for a person to experience symptoms of jaundice. The skin and eyes take on a yellow tint.

You need to react urgently to this symptom and seek medical help. This symptom indicates the presence of a serious illness that requires full medical care.

Have you been struggling with LIVER PAIN for many years without success?

Head of the Institute of Liver Diseases: “You will be amazed at how easy it is to heal your liver just by taking it every day.

Liver cancer, according to some experts, has taken a leading position among newly identified cancers over the past decades. That is why it is important to know what is the cause, what is the course of the disease and what awaits the sick person.

Causes of the disease

With liver cancer, the normal division of the cells that make up the liver is disrupted. Dividing quickly and uncontrollably, they die before reaching maturity. Young cells cannot fully perform their functions, and liver function is disrupted. If treatment is not started on time, the patient will die.

What causes primary cancer? There are different reasons:

1. Chronic inflammation of the liver that occurs for various reasons.
2. Alcoholism, first causing cirrhosis and then liver cancer.
3. Gene mutation under the influence of viruses that cause hepatitis.
4. Obesity, causing the same consequences as alcoholism.
5. Infection of humans with flat trematode worms, which live mainly in fish. Oncological diseases caused by trematodes are common in Kazakhstan, Thailand, and coastal villages of Russia. Parasites enter the human bile ducts from poorly processed fish.
6. Congenital liver abnormalities that can develop into cancer.
7. Infection with waste products of mold fungi - aflatoxins. This form is most often found in China and African countries. Eating moldy rice, nuts, and grains often leads to death.
8. Some experts believe that one form of the disease (sarcoma) may be caused by androgenic anabolic hormones.
9. It is believed that there is a genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer.

Varieties of the disease

Long-term study and treatment of liver cancer by doctors shows that cancer can be (from a clinical point of view) primary or secondary. The primary one appears as a series of single whitish lumps that quickly grow into other organs. Secondary cancers include metastases that grow into the liver from other organs.

Depending on which tissues are affected by liver cancer, epithelial and non-epithelial varieties are distinguished. The first include:

1. Hepatocellular (liver cell) cancer, which is also known as carcinoma. There are several varieties of this form. It is considered the most common among the adult population.
2. Cholangiocellular (bile duct cancer). In Europe, this diagnosis is given to 1 person out of 100,000 cancer patients. That is why cholangiocarcinoma is considered the rarest form of the disease.
3. Hepatocholangiocellular (mixed) cancer, affecting several areas of the organ.
4. Undifferentiated forms of the disease that give metastases.

Non-epithelial forms include hemangioendothelioma. There are also mixed forms.

Is there a blue color to urine?

A rare genetic condition called hypercalcemia (blue diaper syndrome), which involves having too much calcium in the bones, can cause blue urine.

You'll likely never see blue urine in the toilet, but such cases are rare, so it's worth being on the lookout for.

Is brown urine a symptom of a genetic disease?

Porphyria is a rare class of disorders that usually involve sensitivity to light and sometimes result in brownish urine due to red blood cells being destroyed in the body of people with the condition.

It is highly likely that if brown urine is accompanied by abdominal pain, rashes or cramps, you may have a genetic disease.

As blood particles deteriorate, the urine may become browner, so brown urine can also be a sign of something more serious, such as a tumor.

However, do not forget that cola-colored urine can occur after eating rhubarb, red beans or beets.

Causes

Scientists do not know for certain what exactly leads to the development of malignant tumors, but there are several hypotheses. The mutation theory, which has many direct and indirect confirmations, is considered the most generally accepted. According to it, the development of the disease is caused by genetic errors and mutations that accumulate in the body's cells during their division. As a result, the normal process of differentiation and proliferation is disrupted, which leads to uncontrolled tissue growth.

As for prostate cancer, its formation, according to the latest data, is caused by an age-related change in the concentration of androgens, due to which testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone, which triggers the development of pathology.

Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing the disease include:

• heredity - the presence of a disease in relatives. The risk increases with relatedness;
• age – the older a person is, the more cell division cycles the cells go through, the higher the likelihood of genetic errors accumulating in them, which is further aggravated by hormonal imbalance. Therefore, the disease most often occurs in men over 50 years of age, and the peak probability of its detection occurs at 71 years of age;
• smoking – tobacco smoke is rich in various carcinogenic substances that accumulate in the body;
• obesity – it is not known exactly how it affects the risk of developing the disease;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• being in an area with environmental problems;
• predisposition – the presence of congenital genetic defects that affect the development of cancer;
• harmful working conditions - in production using cadmium for welding, other heavy metals, rubber in the production of rubber or in the printing house;
• chronic urinary tract infections;
• race – according to statistics, the disease occurs in representatives of the Negroid race almost 60% more often;
• unhealthy diet - an excess of animal fats, a lack of fiber, vitamins and various microelements, eating a large amount of seafood and canned food.

The disease can also develop due to the presence of prostate adenoma - benign hyperplasia of prostate tissue, which under certain conditions can “degenerate” into a malignant tumor.

What does white urine mean?

Urine does not have to be green in case of bacterial or other infection. Sometimes the urine may simply be more concentrated or darker due to a urinary tract infection.

This is why we are often told to drink plenty of fluids. But water alone could not heal you, especially if the urine is cloudy white. This color can be caused either by kidney stones or by a really bad infection.

White urine means you are urinating pus. Please consult a doctor immediately!

Healthy urine can range in color from clear to dark yellow, but if it's any other color of the rainbow and your diet or body water balance has nothing to do with it, it's best to play it safe and get the necessary tests done to make sure there's no serious reason to panic.

No type of diagnosis is complete without laboratory urine testing. This simple test also helps in detecting cancer. Only a doctor can correctly decipher the result of the study, so there is no need to engage in self-diagnosis. We invite you to find out what a urine test shows for cancer.

Does a urine test show cancer?

According to the World Health Organization, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death. In the last 3 years alone, 14 million cases of malignant diseases have been diagnosed among the population. And the WHO's forecasts remain disappointing - according to scientists, this figure is expected to increase to 70% by 2035.

Methods that successfully prevent the progression of cancer or carcinoma in humans are early detection and treatment of the disease. Diagnosis of the disease can be instrumental and laboratory. The latter consists of studying the patient’s biological media, one of which is urine. A general study clearly demonstrates the functioning of the kidneys and genitourinary system, heart, immunity, shows the level of sugar, acetone and other criteria present in the body at the moment.

There are several indications for taking a urine test if a malignant process is suspected. These include:

• burning sensation when urinating;
• incomplete emptying of the bladder and associated frequent urge to go to the toilet;
• urinary incontinence, cystitis;
• pain in the pelvic area radiating to the lower back;
• problems with potency.

Thus, deciphering the analysis may be one of the criteria for early diagnosis of cancer. It identifies real problems at the initial stage, which helps to avoid complications in the future.

Diagnostics

To increase the chance of successful treatment, contact your doctor at the slightest sign of symptoms. It is also important to undergo regular checks, including:

• examination by a urologist - rectal palpation of the prostate is performed to look for any lumps;
• blood test - allows you to detect prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is a reliable confirmation of the detection of a tumor. Unfortunately, the method works in about 75% of cases;
• transrectal ultrasound - it can be used to detect suspicious areas, possibly susceptible to a tumor process;
• computed and magnetic resonance imaging (CT and MRI) - using these methods, you can not only establish the presence or absence of the disease, but also analyze the degree of its development, and in later stages - determine the location of metastases;
• biopsy is the most accurate analysis, which involves examining a small piece of tissue obtained with an automatic needle through the rectum.

These and many other methods make it possible to identify the disease at the earliest, the second stage of development. However, our clinic uses advanced diagnostic technology – histoscanning. With its help, it is possible to build an accurate three-dimensional model of the prostate gland, which allows not only to identify malignant tumors, but also to plan surgery to remove prostate cancer in men.

Interpretation of analyzes

Specific tumor markers. In addition to the general characteristics, urine testing in oncology can demonstrate the presence of tumor markers, which in turn confirm the development of a malignant process in the body or precancerous conditions. Let's talk about them in more detail in the table.

The study lasts a day. Urine collection is carried out in the morning after a thorough toilet of the external genitalia. The biomaterial should be delivered to the laboratory no later than the next 2 hours. In addition to bladder cancer, the UBC tumor marker may indicate malignant lesions of the lungs, renal system, breast, liver, intestines, and prostate. Among other pathologies, an increase in the UBC antigen is observed in diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis.

What does the color of urine indicate?

Based on a urine test, conclusions can be drawn about the functioning of the immune, vascular and other systems of the body. What can its coloring tell a specialist?

Light shade of yellow. Talks about pathologies such as diabetes mellitus and disorders of the concentration function of the kidneys.

Dark rich shades of yellow. Indicate problems with the cardiovascular system or dehydration. If the urine resembles beer in appearance, there is a reason to consult a doctor about diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Cloudy urine color. It indicates the presence of an excessive concentration of protein, epithelial cells, leukocytes, and pathogenic flora. All this significantly affects its density.

The formation of a malignant process usually occurs against the background of dysfunction of the organ affected by the tumor, therefore, in addition to hematuria, components such as glucose, bilirubin, ketone bodies, salts, and casts can be detected in increased concentrations in the urine.

Deciphering a urine test for cancer

Bladder cancer. This malignant lesion is a common pathology, which, like other cancers, can be successfully cured with timely diagnosis. To identify the disease at the initial stage, you need to undergo a comprehensive examination at the slightest suspicion of it.

A general urine test for cancer in the bladder shows the presence of blood or hematuria. If there are few red blood cells, there is practically no staining of the biological fluid, which means microhematuria. Scarlet color of urine usually indicates the progressive growth of the tumor, the ingrowth of its tissues into the vessels of the organ, which bleed.

Hematuria can also be a consequence of glomerulonephritis, stones in the urinary tract, or bladder polyps.

In addition to the general analysis, a urine test is prescribed for tumor markers UBC, NMP22 and TPS. The most sensitive antigen in this group for bladder cancer is UBC.

Bowel cancer. With malignant damage to this organ, the urine becomes cloudy in appearance, and the diagnostic results indicate an increase in the level of protein, leukocytes and red blood cells. Analysis for tumor markers is rarely prescribed; usually it is a complex of CYFRA 21-1 and UBC.

Stomach cancer. In case of oncological disease of the digestive organs, in particular the stomach, a urine test reveals an increased concentration of protein and red blood cells - proteinuria and hematuria. These signs appear already in the early stages of cancer, when a possible malignant process is suspected. Therefore, they cannot be ignored.

It is also recommended to study tumor markers - UBC and CYFRA 21-1. These antigens indicate pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Blood cancer (leukemia, leukemia). Urine testing for leukemia makes it possible to diagnose liver and kidney damage at an early stage. In this case, glycosuria, albuminuria and hematuria are usually detected.

Lungs' cancer. A general urine test for cancer of the respiratory tract is low-informative, since it cannot directly indicate the presence of the disease, but can identify disorders of the excretory function of the kidneys associated with general cancer intoxication of the body. In this case, the study results indicate moderate cylindruria, albuminuria, azotemia and hematuria.

Mammary cancer. A urine test for breast cancer is low-informative from the point of view of diagnosing the underlying disease. Changes found in it may indicate disorders of the genitourinary system caused by chronic cancer intoxication. In this case, the results of the study will reveal an increased concentration of ketone bodies, hematuria and leukocytosis.

Urine testing for UBC and TPS antigens is also recommended. It is their presence in a comprehensive examination that can confirm suspicion of breast cancer.

Kidney cancer. With the development of a malignant process in the kidney tissue, already at an early stage of the disease, signs of hematuria and hemoglobinuria appear in urine analysis. In the first case, an increased content of red blood cells is detected - more than 3 in the field of view, in the second - hemoglobin is detected. In this case, the blood cells have an atypical shape, that is, they are smaller than usual due to mechanical damage by the filtration system of the affected organ. In this case, red blood cells have no color due to the loss of hemoglobin. Based on the concentration and state of these criteria in the analysis, it is possible to determine the location of the tumor, its growth and nature.

Cancer of the uterus, ovaries, cervix. Due to the close location of the bladder and the woman’s reproductive organs, laboratory testing can indicate a number of specific complications, namely local inflammatory changes, urinary stagnation and hydronephrosis. In the results of the analysis, the listed conditions will appear in the form of increased concentrations of protein, red blood cells and leukocytes.

You should also pay attention to the nature of urination - with oncology of the cervix, the reproductive organ itself and the ovaries, urinary incontinence, signs of cystitis, incomplete emptying of the bladder and frequent urge to go to the toilet are noted. Tumor markers for cancer of the female reproductive system are CYFRA 21-1 and TPS.

Thyroid cancer. In cases of malignant degeneration of endocrine organ tissue, urine analysis almost always reveals one sign - persistent leukocytosis. A comprehensive examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Liver cancer. This cancerous lesion is characterized by internal bleeding and inflammatory processes in the parenchyma of the organ, which leads to darkening of the urine - it turns red-brown. The results of the analysis reveal hematuria, proteinuria and leukocytosis. The tumor prevents the normal excretion of bile from the liver ducts, which provokes the development of jaundice, which also affects the appearance of urine - it becomes even darker, and feces, on the contrary, become discolored.

Esophageal carcinoma. A urine test for cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract - the esophagus - is considered uninformative. It cannot indicate the presence of a malignant process in an organ at the initial stage of the disease. Only later do certain changes occur in urine examination associated with general cancer intoxication, for example, an increase in the concentration of red blood cells and protein.

Main signs of cancer

Typical symptoms of kidney cancer, which create a characteristic picture, consist of pain, a palpable tumor in the abdomen and hematuria. At the same time, these manifestations are observed exclusively at the last stages of oncology development. At the beginning of the formation of malignant cells, one or two signs occur. Let us consider the symptoms of kidney cancer in more detail:

• Hematuria is the appearance of blood in the urine; this is the most characteristic symptom indicating organ cancer. Hematuria occurs suddenly, without any reason, and may not last long, disappearing just as suddenly. After a few days or weeks, the symptom appears again. Often, blood clots resembling the shape of worms are noticeable in the urine. With further development of the pathology, if it is not operable, hematuria can significantly complicate the disease and lead to anemia.
• Pain in kidney cancer is constantly present and is dull and aching. The pain is not too intense and is usually localized at the bottom of the sternum, radiating to the upper sections of the lumbar region. Pain develops on the right or left side, depending on which specific kidney is affected, against the background of compression of the endings of nerve fibers and stretching of the capsule. Unpleasant sensations intensify with the development of hematuria, and signs of renal colic occur. Due to the massive accumulation of blood clots in the bladder, urination disorder is observed.
• Quite often, renal tumors reach significant sizes, so that the victim is able to independently determine the presence of a tumor or notice the asymmetry of the abdomen. As a rule, this symptom occurs in the last two stages of the development of the disease, in which a dense, tuberous neoplasm is palpated on the right or left side. It is necessary to take into account that if a tumor is palpable or an enlarged kidney, the diagnosis of oncology is confirmed, but in the absence of these signs the disease is not excluded.
• With kidney oncology, symptoms of malignant intoxication may be present. In some cases, the proliferation of cancer cells is accompanied by an increase in temperature, which remains very persistent. Also, general signs indicating the risk of developing pathology include weakness, loss of appetite, chronic fatigue, increasing weight loss, profuse sweating, and the development of anemia. The increase in temperature in the initial stages of the development of pathology is caused by the body's immune response to neoplasm antigens; in the final stages it is caused by inflammation and necrosis.
• Also, renal oncology is characterized by signs indicating compression of the vena cava - swelling of the lower extremities, thrombosis, and liver dysfunction. When cancer cells metastasize to various tissues and organs, the symptoms are determined by localization - when abnormal cells invade the bones, pain and abnormal fractures are noted; with metastases to the liver tissue, jaundice is observed. If the lungs are affected, a cough and sputum mixed with blood occurs, if the brain is damaged, neuralgia and migraines are present.

The first symptoms of kidney cancer in women occur when the tumor reaches a significant size. Signs rarely appear at the initial stage of the formation of a malignant tumor.

This is why the disease is insidious. Most experts identify the following early signs of kidney cancer:

• general poor health;
• lethargy and apathy;
• blood pressure surges;
• losing a significant amount of weight;
• constant fatigue;
• lack of appetite;
• back pain.

As the disease progresses, a characteristic triad appears - a sure sign of kidney cancer. These symptoms include:

1. Swelling. Formed when the formation is of significant size. In this case, the tumor is palpable. Swelling may affect the face, limbs, abdomen and genital area.
2. Pain. It is especially intense at the location of the formation. It may radiate to the side and lower back. At the same time, the condition worsens sharply.
3. Presence of blood in the urine. When any renal segment is damaged, the occurrence of such a manifestation indicates a significant size of the tumor. Blood in the urine may appear periodically. At an advanced stage, clots appear.

As the disease progresses, additional symptoms appear, and the woman’s general condition worsens.

Differences in indicators for men, women, children, pregnant women, lactating

Let us consider in the following table what criteria are assessed in a urine test and whether they are the same for patients of different age groups.

Children. The indicators of a child’s urine analysis are almost completely identical from a biochemical point of view to those of adult patients, but there are still certain differences in the normal variants. Children's urine has a lighter color, transparency and less pronounced odor compared to adults. As for the quantitative indicators in the study, that is, the norms of red blood cells, white blood cells and other criteria, there are no differences here.

Pregnancy and lactation. A normal urine test for expectant and nursing mothers will be slightly different from other patients. Active growth of the fetus, causing displacement of the genitourinary tract organs, recovery in the postpartum period - all this is reflected in the biochemical composition of urine. However, these deviations are insignificant and they do not affect important factors - red blood cells, leukocytes, ketone bodies, etc. A doctor should decipher them. Significant deviations from the norm make one suspect any pathological processes in the body, including malignant tumors.

Blood in the urine of a man (hematuria) with and without pain: causes and treatment methods

Update date: 2020-04-06

Blood in the urine or hematuria is a dangerous symptom of the male genitourinary system. The cause may include bladder or kidney cancer. Therefore, it is important to determine the cause and begin treatment.

What it is

Hematuria or erythrocyturia is blood in the urine. Appears as a result of inflammation or damage to the organs of the urinary system, as well as in violation of renal hemodynamics. In most cases, it occurs against the background of a urological disease, but sometimes is not associated with organic damage to the urinary system.

Classification

Normally, there are no red blood cells in the urine sediment or they are present, but not more than 2 cells. With erythrocyturia, the number of red blood cells exceeds the physiological norm. Depending on the severity of the symptom, the pathology is classified into:

• gross hematuria;
• micrognematuria.

In the first case, blood is visible to the naked eye. Urine takes on a pronounced red, dark brown or even black color, so the symptom can be identified without laboratory tests. The consistency of urine may be heterogeneous, and blood clots are possible.

In the second case, blood is not visually detected. It can only be detected through laboratory tests. Therefore, most men do not even realize that there is a problem and find out about it completely by accident as a result of undergoing a routine urine test.

According to ICD 10 there are 2 varieties:

• NO2 - stable and recurrent;
• R31 - nonspecific.

Symptoms

In addition to the presence of blood in the urine, the patient may be bothered by a number of additional symptoms that are caused by the underlying disease:

1. Painful urination, dull pain in the lower abdomen, can radiate to the lower back, side - pathology often indicates inflammation of the bladder or urinary tract, kidney stones. If the symptom is not accompanied by pain, then in 60% of cases it is caused by a tumor of the bladder.
2. Fever, anemia, hypercalcemia, erythrocytosis - most often the symptom is caused by a kidney tumor.
3. Skin rash, arthritis - systemic lupus erythematosus may be the cause.
4. Frequent, incomplete, involuntary, difficult urination, burning and itching in the perineum can be a sign of a bacterial infection of the urinary organs.
5. Hyperthermia often indicates acute prostatitis, vesiculitis.
6. Increased erythrocyturia during physical activity may indicate the presence of nephroptosis and abnormal development of the renal veins.
7. Weight gain, swelling in the morning - glomerular filtration of the kidneys may be impaired.

Causes

Blood in the urine may be a temporary symptom that occurs against the background of a physiological factor, such as:

• strong physical activity;
• emotional shock;
• hypothermia, etc.

A change in the color of urine can be associated with the intake of certain foods (blackberries, beets, blueberries, etc.), so sometimes men misinterpret the symptom and associate it with pathological processes in the body.

The most common causes of erythrocyturia include:

1. Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.
2. Hematological (blood clotting disorders: sickle cell anemia, hemophilia).
3. Hemodynamic (impaired blood supply to the kidney, nephroptosis).
4. Benign or malignant tumors, cysts.
5. Allergic (purpura, arteritis, glomerulonephritis).
6. Stones in the bladder, kidneys, ureters.
7. Injuries.

Less commonly, hematuria of the bladder, kidneys, etc. occurs due to long-term use of certain medications (for example, diuretics, NSAIDs, analgesics) or an overdose of anticoagulants.

If a man has a problem with blood clotting (hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, Werlhof's disease, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, etc.), then it can cause blood to appear in the urine.

Prolapse of the genital organs due to weakness of the muscles of the pelvic organs, which occurs against the background of natural age-related changes, can also cause bleeding.

Congenital malformations and defects of the urinary system (for example, underdevelopment of the bladder, nephroptosis, ureteral stricture, renal venous hypertension, etc.) increase intrapelvic pressure due to impaired outflow of urine from the pelvis. As a result, the mucous membrane is traumatized and microbleeding develops.

Diagnostics

A symptom can be a sign of a serious illness, even oncology, so a man is recommended to undergo a thorough examination to determine the cause of the problem. Diagnostics may include:

• medical history examination, examination by an andrologist;
• laboratory tests of blood, urine;
• instrumental examination.

A man may be prescribed:

• a general urine test, which helps identify red blood cells, minerals that can cause stones, bacteria that lead to the development of an infectious disease;
• study of coagulation and platelet hemostasis - to determine the rheological properties of blood;
• urine analysis according to Nechiporenko, the purpose of which is to identify inflammation in the urinary system, counting red blood cells in 1 ml of urine;
• Kakovsky-Addis test - consists of counting red blood cells in the collection of urine excreted over 1 day;
• bacteriological culture - to identify possible pathogens of the infectious and inflammatory process of the urinary system;
• clinical blood test - will help indicate anemia, signs of inflammation;
• determination of GFR, blood creatine - indicators of kidney activity.

To clarify the source of bleeding (renal hematuria or from the urinary tract), a three-glass test is prescribed. The procedure involves collecting urine in portions sequentially into 3 containers. A man needs to collect the initial, middle and last portion of discharge during one urination.

If maximum coloring is observed in the first container, then most often this is a sign of injury or disease of the urethra. If the color intensity is greater in the third container, then this is typical for inflammation of the bladder neck, posterior urethra.

Intense color in the middle portion may indicate inflammation of the prostate gland and urethra.

If the color has approximately the same intensity in all three containers, then the symptom often indicates inflammation of the bladder, kidneys, polyps of the bladder or urethra, oncology, or kidney stones.

If clots are present, then the source of bleeding can be determined by their shape: large ones that do not have a specific shape form in the bladder, small oblong ones - in the ureters.

Instrumental diagnostic methods for hematuria syndrome are:

1. Ultrasound of the kidneys. Allows you to identify changes in size, shape, location, kidneys, bladder, ureter.
2. X-ray of the kidneys. The image reflects the structure and topography of the urinary organs.
3. Cystoscopy. Allows you to visualize the state of the internal surface of the MP.
4. Angiography. Using a contrast agent, it helps to evaluate the functioning of blood vessels and blood flow characteristics.
5. Radioisotope renography. Gives an idea of ​​the state of the urinary tract, helps to assess the state of tubular secretion and glomerular filtration.
6. Kidney biopsy. Examination of kidney tissue helps identify signs of inflammation, tumors, scarring, infection, and the quality of blood circulation around the organ.

Prevention

During the treatment period, the patient should adhere to several preventive recommendations that will help to recover faster and prevent new bleeding.

A regimen of rest and relaxation is indicated for patients who have suffered injury, surgery, or physical overload.

Preventive examinations with an andrologist and a general urine test at least once every six months will help to identify problems in the genitourinary system in a timely manner. And timely treatment will prevent such complications as hematuria.

In addition, it is recommended to reconsider your lifestyle and diet. You should eliminate or limit as much as possible bad habits, drink plenty of fluids, and eat right. Controlling body weight, taking medications strictly as prescribed by the doctor, and exercises to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic organs will also be beneficial.

It must be remembered that hematuria is a sign of another disease, and not the disease itself, therefore treatment and prevention should be aimed at eliminating and preventing the root cause of the symptom.

Source: https://cavalero.ru/urologiya/simptomy/gematuriya-u-muzhchin-krov-v-moche.html

Preparing for tests

Before conducting a urine test, it is recommended to follow certain rules that will help ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis. These include:

1. 3 days before the test, it is advisable to give up any bad habits - smoking and drinking alcohol.
2. It is important to eat properly and balanced. At least temporarily eliminate diets, fatty, spicy and salty foods.
3. The day before the test, you should avoid sexual intercourse or any genitourinary manipulation (for example, examination in a gynecological chair, taking a smear, inserting a catheter).
4. A few days before the test, you need to stop taking medications; if this is not possible, it is important to warn your doctor about this.
5. Maintain psycho-emotional calm and eliminate any stress factors.

Error in analyzes

Improperly prepared research material interferes with accurate diagnosis. Most often, the following factors influence an erroneous result:

• the container is not clean enough for analysis;
• collecting the entire portion of morning urine;
• long-term storage of biological fluid - more than 2 hours;
• lack of toilet of the external genitalia;
• collecting more than the first portion of urine after waking up;
• drink plenty of fluids before the study;
• drinking alcohol before taking the test;
• intense physical activity on the eve of diagnosis;
• leaving the container with collected urine in unsuitable conditions - at too high or, conversely, low temperatures.

By eliminating all these errors, you can count on the most informative result, which is extremely important when diagnosing such serious diseases as cancer.