What pigments give dark color to urine in subhepatic jaundice?

The "Yellow" request is redirected here; see also other meanings.

Yellow

— colors of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 550 to 590 [1]. It is a complementary color to blue in RGB or a complementary color to violet in artistic practice and the RYB system. However, in ancient times, due to the imperfection of the available pigments, it was considered as complementary to purple.

One of the standardized shades of yellow is a component of the CMYK system. Its hexadecimal RGB symbol is #ffff00.

Content

• 1 Natural standards and samples of yellow color 1.1 Spectral sources
• 1.2 Yellow organic matter
• 1.3 Yellow inorganic pigments

What normal sperm should look like

Normal sperm in healthy men is slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.2-8. Physiologically, this is necessary to neutralize the slightly acidic environment of the vagina, preserve the viability of sperm and the success of fertilization.

In semen, in addition to living sperm (there are more than 20 million in 1 ml), enzymes are present. vitamins. minerals, amino acids. fructose. lemon acid. prostaglandin.

The consistency resembles mucus, which, when secreted, first turns into jelly, and then, within half an hour, liquefies and becomes transparent (this is necessary for conception).

Normal sperm should be moderately viscous. Too thick ejaculate is considered a cause of infertility. This condition

should alert a man and encourage him to see a doctor (andrologist, urologist, sexologist), as this indicates diseases of the male reproductive system (prostatitis, vesiculitis, enzyme deficiency).

USEFUL INFORMATION: Pregnancy in the absence of fallopian tubes

The smell of normal ejaculate has a slight chlorine tint. If the aroma is unpleasant and too strong, then this may be due to the consumption of certain foods, seasonings, alcohol, or diseases of the genitourinary system.

The quality of the substance secreted by the male genital organs, which contains the cells (sperm) necessary for conceiving a child, depends on many reasons. It is determined by a special study - spermogram.

Natural standards and samples of yellow color[ | ]

Spectral sources[ | ]

• Double yellow line of the emission spectrum of sodium ions D1 (589.59 nm) and D2 (588.99 nm).
• Double line of the emission spectrum of mercury ions λ1 (577.0 nm), λ2 (579.1 nm).

Organic substances are yellow[ | ]

• The yellow color of the flowers of dandelion, gentian, buttercup, sunflower, etc. is given by carotenoids: flavoxanthin, taraxanthin and lutein.
• The yellow color of autumn leaves and grains comes from lutein and xanthophyll, which are involved in photosynthesis along with green chlorophyll.
• The yellow color of egg yolk is given by the same xanthophyll, as well as orange carotenoids. They are found in plant grains eaten by birds.
• The color of the urine of healthy animals is determined by an organic pigment - bilirubin, which is formed from hemoglobin.
• With hepatitis, the liver is unable to process bilirubin. Large amounts of bilirubin accumulate in the blood, causing the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow. This symptom is called jaundice.
• Bile is yellow in color, so in the Middle Ages medicines from yellow plants were given for liver diseases. Some of them entered scientific medicine in the same role (dandelion, yellow gentian).

• Corn
• Canary
• Chickens
• Dandelion
• Yolk
• Banana
• Lemon

Yellow inorganic pigments[ | ]

• Cadmium yellow (cadmium yellow) - cadmium sulfide
• Chrome yellow
• Yellow ocher and yellow sand owe their color to ferric ions.

The danger of green ejaculate

Usually the greenish tint of the seminal fluid is combined with an unpleasant odor. This is a sure sign of sexually transmitted infections. Often such pathologies are hidden, so a change in the color of semen may be the only sign of infection of the scrotum, seminal vesicles or prostate gland.

In the presence of a urogenital infection, purulent discharge enters the semen and, in addition to changing its color, provokes inflammation of the foreskin (balanoposthitis). If all this is combined with the appearance of an unpleasant odor, you should be wary and consult a doctor.

• increased body temperature;
• pain when urinating;
• change in ejaculate consistency (too thin or thick);
• external changes in the genital organs (redness, swelling, swelling, etc.).

Shades[ | ]

• In Russian, to denote colors in which a yellow tint is present to varying degrees, compound words with the first component izzhelta-
  [2]: 223,
  yellow-
  ,
  yellowish-
  .
  For example, yellowish-green
  ,
  yellowish-red
  [3]:110.
• They also used the following names for shades of yellow[4]:
• Apricot
  - yellowish-straw, orangish-pale yellow, the color of apricot.
• Auror
  - on behalf of Aurora - the goddess of the dawn in Roman mythology. Light orange-pink or yellow with a reddish tint.
• Alabaster (alabaster)
  - pale yellow with a matte tint. This color is most often used when talking about complexion.
• Blondes
  are golden-colored lace made from raw silk, especially popular in the first half of the 19th century, very expensive, and used to trim women's dresses, caps, and hats.
  Blonde color
  is light, with a golden-yellowish tint (hence the name for fair-haired women - blonde).
• Bronze
  - golden brown, dark yellow with shine, bronze and tan color.
• Camel hair
  is brownish-yellow.
• Verdepeshevy
  - a yellow or pink shade of green.
• Waxy
  - pale yellow. Usually about complexion.
• Waxed
  - the color of wax, from yellow-gray to amber yellow.
• Pea
  - gray, greenish or dirty yellow. In the second half of the 19th century, the phraseological units “pea overcoat” or “pea coat” were perceived as a sign of involvement in the detective department and became a symbol of an informant.
• Giraffe
  - yellow-brown.
• Golden
  - brightly shiny.
• Golden
  - yellow with shine, the color of gold. The main color in icon painting.
• Isabel
  - pale straw, usually refers to the color of horses - light-haired; yellowish - whitish with a white tail and mane.
• Izhelta
  - yellowish, with the addition of another color.
• “Cardinal on Straw”
  is a combination of yellow and red (these colors were used by the French aristocracy to protest the imprisonment of Cardinal de Rohan in the Bastille in connection with the “queen’s necklace” case).
• Cream
  - light yellowish-beige.
• Lavalier
  is yellowish-light brown.
• Lime
  is a rich yellowish-green, dark light green, lime color.
• Lani
  is yellowish brown.
• Jade
  is a rich golden yellow, like the color of some teas.
• Olive
  - dark yellowish-green, the color of olives.
• Opal
  - milky white, matte white with yellow or blue.
• Select Yellow
  - dark yellow, the color of car fog lights.
• Fawn
  is a pale yellow, pinkish-beige shade of yellow or straw color of different shades (from the French
  paille
  - “straw”. According to Dahl, fawn is straw-colored, pale yellowish. White-yellowish, yellowish-white; yellowish-whitish; about horses: salty and isabella; about dogs: sexual; about pigeons: clayey. Karamzin sang the praises of fawn cream [5]).
• Sand color
  - issera-pale yellowish.
• Floating
  - yellowish-whitish, white-yellow, straw-colored (from “melt bread”).
• Plerezas
  are white mourning stripes on a black dress.
• "The Last Gasp of Gray"
  - yellow-red. Perhaps because before death, a gray parrot's eyes turn yellow.
• Yellow
  - an admixture of yellow, yellowness. Green with yellow.
• Somo
  - from the French “salmon”, “salmon”: light pink-yellow, flesh-colored - pinkish-yellow.
• Tobacco
  - yellow-brown.
• Tarmalama
  is a very dense, thick golden-colored silk fabric, one of the most expensive imported oriental fabrics. Used for sewing robes.
• Light and bright khaki
  are corresponding yellowish variations of green-brown.

Champagne

• Champagne
  - pale pink-yellow, champagne color.
• Chartreuse
  is yellow-green.
• Ecru
  is a pale gray-yellow or light gray-yellow-brown, the color of unbleached silk or linen.
• Yuft
  - yellowish-light brown.
• Amber
  is a dark, rich orange-yellow, the color of natural amber.

Reasons for changes in stool color

Bilirubin also affects the color of stool. Accumulating in the intestines in the form of stercobilin, it leads to a clear change in the color of the stool. The presence of this component in feces is checked by combining the test material with mercury dichloride. The study is carried out over the course of 24 hours; this time is sufficient for feces to react with the reagents. The obtained data are compared with laboratory values. If the person is healthy, the material being tested will take on a pink tint. Green color indicates the absence of stercobilin.

In culture, art and ethnography[ | ]

Mythology and beliefs[ | ]

The Chuvash believe that oriole feathers are a good remedy for jaundice (Chuvash. Sar kayok - Yellow bird). They look for her nest in the forest, select yellow feathers, soak them in water, and then wash the patient’s body with this water.

Connections with China and the East[ | ]

• In China, yellow symbolized both life and death. The abode of the dead was called the “Yellow Keys,” but the yellow crane was an allegory of immortality[6].
• The color yellow symbolized China and the Chinese emperor. Chinese commoners in the past were not allowed to wear yellow because it was the color of the ruling dynasty.
• Graphite pencils are colored yellow. This custom is due to the fact that the best graphite was in China, and in the past only Chinese pencils were painted yellow. According to another version, the Czech factory Kohinoor, which began mass production of pencils, used the colors of the imperial flag of Austria - black and golden yellow - to paint them.
• The yellow race (“ yellowfaces
  ”) refers to the Mongoloid race, especially those representatives who originated from Asia, see also Yellow Peril.
• The Yellow Sea is so named because the Yellow River flowing into it brings a lot of suspended material, clouding the water.
• “Yellow Faith” (Mongolian Sharyn Shashin)[7] is the most common designation for the Gelug Buddhist Tibetan school in the Mongolian-speaking world, which has taken root in Europe in the form of “Yellow Caps.” Both variants owe their origin to the color of the robes of the monks of this school. The phrase “yellow faith” was often used as a synonym for Buddhism in general.

Literary associations[ | ]

In Russian poetry of the 18th-19th centuries, the epithet “golden” (“golden fields”, “golden rays of the sun”, “golden hair”) is usually used to denote the color yellow.
In prose, starting from the second half of the 19th century, the names of the color yellow are used in a literal sense and at the same time associated with negative connotations of disease (yellowed face) and violence (painting of administrative buildings in St. Petersburg and other cities). Content of yellow and gold colors in the spectra of writers (in%)[8]

• Alexander Blok distinguished between “yellow” and “zholty” in writing the word “yellow”, demanding strict adherence to this distinction with direct instructions in manuscripts and proofreads:[9]

So, for example, in the concept of “zholty” A. Blok, as can be seen from his diaries and letters, invested a special ideological and psychological meaning (“zholty” - as a synonym for spiritual satiety, bourgeois complacency, all kinds of rudeness) - in contrast to the word “yellow” ”, which simply served as a color designation.

An example is the poem “Factory” (“In the neighboring house there are zsolt windows”).[10]

• In Maxim Gorky's pamphlet “The City of the Yellow Devil,” New York is depicted as a city whose life is subordinated to the pursuit of money.
• In Teffi’s story “Life and Collar,” a yellow bow on the collar of a blouse turned a decent woman into a frivolous spendthrift and a shameless liar.
• In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” Margarita was with yellow (as a symbol of future trials) mimosas when she met the Master: “She was carrying disgusting, alarming yellow flowers in her hands. The devil knows what their names are, but for some reason they are the first to appear in Moscow. And these flowers stood out very clearly on her black spring coat. She carried yellow flowers! Not a good color. She turned from Tverskaya into an alley and then turned around. Well, do you know Tverskaya? Thousands of people were walking along Tverskaya, but I guarantee you that she saw me alone and looked not only anxiously, but even as if painfully. And I was struck not so much by her beauty as by the extraordinary, unprecedented loneliness in her eyes! Obeying this yellow sign, I also turned into an alley and followed in her footsteps...”

In Orthodoxy[ | ]

Yellow color is a synonym and image of gold in Russian icons. It means warmth and love, a symbol of Divine radiance, God himself. This is both color and light at the same time, an image of light and a symbol of light. The second hypostasis of the Most Holy Trinity is the Son of God, the King of the world, to whom the gold (yellow) color corresponds on the icons. Yellow is the color of saints - bishops and bishops who pleased God with their righteous lives. These include: Nicholas of Myra of Lycia (celebration on May 22 according to the new style and December 19), Spyridon of Trimifunt (December 25), the great Russian ascetic Tikhon of Zadonsk (August 26) and many others. Gold in general occupies a special place in Christian symbolism: the Magi brought gold to the born Savior, the Ark of the Covenant of ancient Israel was decorated with gold. The salvation and transformation of the human soul is also compared to gold melted and purified in a crucible. Gold, as the most expensive metal on earth, serves as an expression of the most valuable in the spiritual world[11].

Cultural associations[ | ]

• The song “Yellow leaves are spinning over the city” by Raymond Pauls, with lyrics by Shaferan and Peters[12].
• Song and cartoon “Yellow submarine” by
  The Beatles.
• The song "Yellow River" by the British pop group Christie became the group's biggest and only international hit, briefly taking first place in the British singles chart, second in Germany, and number 23 on the Billboard hot hundred.
• The song "Yellow" by Coldplay.

Association with sin, betrayal and ostracism[ | ]

• In medieval Spain, heretics who were burned at the stake were dressed in yellow.
• Judas Iscariot was depicted wearing a yellow cloak.
• A yellow flag on a ship (Yellow Jack) means that the ship is in quarantine.
• In English, the color yellow is associated with cowardice. In Arabic, a “yellow smile” is an insincere smile. In French, “yellow laughter” (rire jaune) is an artificial laugh.
• By the decree of Nicholas I, which legalized prostitution and brothels in pre-revolutionary Russia, prostitutes were required to have a special “yellow ticket”, which, in particular, described in detail the state of their health.
• V.I. Lenin contemptuously called the Second International “yellow” by analogy with the “yellow tickets” of prostitutes. At the same time, the Socialist International, as the legal successor of the Second International, actually and not without pride uses yellow as the official color, believing that this is the color of the banner of those who work not for fear, but for conscience.

A call for caution[ | ]

• A yellow traffic light means that it is forbidden to start moving at the intersection, but you can continue moving already started (however, in some countries, traffic lights have an orange light instead of yellow).
• At a railway traffic light. A yellow signal allows you to proceed at a speed of no more than 60 km/h, while the next traffic light is “closed”. And also 2 yellow signals means follow the side path at a speed of no more than 60 km/h.
• On the roads of some countries, including Russia, there is a flashing yellow signal, which means a general call for caution.
• In car racing, a yellow flag also means a call for caution. In particular, a yellow flag prohibits overtaking.
• A yellow card in football means a warning, as opposed to a red card which means an immediate dismissal from the field. The yellow card is also used in other sports. In rugby, it means a 10-minute suspension.
• Yellow color is used in markings for the visually impaired: it is used to paint Braille blocks, borders, steps, and yellow circles are applied to glass doors.
• In Russia, temporary road signs and detour signs have a yellow background.

In vexillology[ | ]

• The yellow color on the national flag of Ukraine, according to the most common interpretation, symbolizes wheat fields[13][14].
• The yellow color on the national flag of Mozambique symbolizes the wealth of the country's mineral wealth.

Other things about the color yellow[ | ]

Mailbox in Vilnius

• “Yellow color” is one of the names of the plant Elecampane ( Inula
  ).
• The yellow press is the low-grade press that chases sensations (often exaggerated or fictitious) and gossip. The term comes from the comic strip "The Yellow Kid", published from 1894 to 1898 in the New York World, published by Joseph Pulitzer, and the New York Journal American. Both newspapers, in addition to publishing comic strips, were known for reporting murders, fire accidents, etc. in order to entertain their readers. In addition, they began a controversy among themselves over the authorship of the comic. The third newspaper called their controversy yellow press
  , and the expression became popular. According to another version, the name came from the shade of low-quality cheap paper on which low-grade publications were printed.
• Yellow Pages is a section of a telephone directory containing telephone numbers of business organizations and institutions, sorted by category. In paper reference books, this section is printed on yellow paper.
• Taxis in New York and some other places, school buses in Canada and the US, and some buses in the UK are painted yellow.
• Mailboxes in Ukraine, Lithuania, Croatia, Germany, and France are painted yellow.
• For a long time in the Netherlands, yellow was the color of public transport. Buses, trams and passenger trains were painted in it.
• The yellow suitcase is a symbol of the annual Kazantip festival.
• An inexperienced person is called a yellowmouth because many birds have yellow beaks when they hatch.
• The color yellow sometimes symbolizes happiness and peace.
• Yellow House is a colloquial term for a mental hospital. The walls in psychiatric hospitals were often painted yellow. It was believed to have a calming effect on patients.
• The yellow metal is often called gold. Vasmer points out that the word “gold” comes from words denoting color[15].
• Some collections of documents are called yellow books.
• Currently, yellow emoticons are recognized all over the world.
• In the Inca knot writing, the quipu color yellow denoted gold (for example, war booty, which consisted of gold weighing so many units of measurement [16]; however, which units were used from the Inca system of weights and measures is unknown), as well as corn (if available). a small cob of corn inserted into the main cord, which was the key to reading the kipu). For example, a yellow thread meant corn, and if a blue thread (a certain province) with a certain number of knots was tied to it, then this spoke of a particular harvest in this province. The quipu is the least common type found on archaeological threads.
• Yellow ticket is the common name for Russian paper banknotes in denominations of 1 ruble, which had a light brown color. A yellow ticket is a residence certificate issued to a prostitute in exchange for a passport.
• The Sinestro Corps from DC Comics uses Yellow Rings of Power.

Astronomy[ | ]

• Yellow dwarf
• Yellow giant

Why does urine turn dark?

Pathological conditions:

1. Congestion in the kidneys and bladder leads to this problem.
2. Darkening and turbidity is often due to the fact that the exchange of bile pigments in the body is disrupted.
3. The dark yellow color of urine may be associated with dyspeptic disorders that affect the intestines.
4. Hemolytic anemia leads to urine darkening and becoming cloudy.

If the urine has darkened and emits a strong ammonia smell, one of the diseases may be progressing:

• pyelonephritis;
• cystitis;
• urethritis;
• chlamydia;
• mycoplasmosis;
• trichomoniasis.

Natural causes of dark urine:

1. Dark yellow urine appears in those who have taken laxatives or nutritional supplements.
2. If the body becomes dehydrated, the urine darkens. Dehydration occurs with diarrhea and diuretic abuse. Increased sweating also leads to dehydration. Frequent diarrhea requires serious treatment. Its cause may be an increase in the level of nitrogenous compounds. In this case, the urine darkens and takes on the smell of ammonia.
3. Taking B vitamins also leads to this problem.
4. Nutritional supplements, including Sulfamethoxazole and Rifampicin, make urine dark.
5. Vitamins C accelerates the metabolism of bilirubin, which leads to coloration of urine.

In state symbols[ | ]

In the state symbols of Russia, yellow, as in icon painting, replaced gold. It was used in the coat of arms: the double-headed eagle was gold, as well as crowns and a scepter. Banners with a golden lion on a red field accompanied the Grand Dukes of Vladimir. In certain eras, the background of the coat of arms of Russia was golden (as, for example, in the era of Ivan the Terrible). Then the eagle itself turns golden and is depicted on a white background.

During the reign of Emperor Alexander II, the chairman of the heraldic chamber of the Russian Empire, Baron Kene, drew the attention of the sovereign to the fact that the colors of the state flag of Russia did not coincide with the colors of the coat of arms (which ran counter to the rules of heraldry). And by the Decree of Alexander II of June 11, 1858, a black-gold-white “flag of coat of arms colors” was introduced: “Description of the Highest approved design of the arrangement of the coat of arms colors of the Empire on banners, flags and other items used for decoration on special occasions. The arrangement of these colors is horizontal, the top stripe is black, the middle stripe is yellow (or gold), and the bottom stripe is white (or silver). The first stripes correspond to the black state eagle in a yellow field, and the cockade of these two colors was founded by Emperor Paul I, while banners and other decorations of these colors were already used during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. The lower stripe, white or silver, corresponds to the cockade of Peter the Great and Empress Catherine II; Emperor Alexander I, after the capture of Paris in 1814, combined the correct armorial cockade with the ancient one of Peter the Great, which corresponds to the white or silver horseman (St. George) in the Moscow coat of arms”[17].

In the absence of serious illnesses

The presence of transparent sperm does not in all cases indicate that the body is affected by a certain disease

You need to pay attention to the amount of fluid consumed per day. If you drink a lot of water, a clear color is inevitable

If the semen is yellow in color, it may indicate a high urine content. There is no need to worry about having health problems. Sperm comes out the same way as urine, so the change in question is quite normal.

A yellow color may appear as a result of the action of certain medications containing peculiar dyes and other elements.

You should also pay attention to food products that are yellow in color.

Pink color may appear with normal consistency. In this case, we are talking about the false color of sperm. If this condition is indeed met, then the cause of such coloring is various coloring foods.

Some categories of drinks that contain dyes of chemical origin have a similar effect. In all these cases, there is no need to contact specialists, since the problem will be fixed on its own.

It doesn’t matter what color the sperm is, if abnormalities appear, you should immediately go to the hospital. If the process is delayed, you can develop serious health problems that are difficult to get rid of.

Treatment of obstructive jaundice

The main method of treating obstructive jaundice is surgery, the purpose of which is to restore the outflow of bile into the duodenum. In order to stabilize the patient's condition, detoxification, infusion and antibacterial therapy is carried out. To temporarily improve the flow of bile, the following methods are used:

• choledochostomy - creation of drainage by applying an external fistula to the bile duct;
• cholecystostomy – formation of an external fistula of the gallbladder;
• percutaneous puncture of the gallbladder;
• nasobiliary drainage (installation of a catheter in the bile ducts during retrograde cholangiopancreatography).

If, despite the treatment of obstructive jaundice, the patient’s condition does not improve, percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the bile ducts is indicated.

After stabilization of the patient's condition, the issue of the next stage of treatment of obstructive jaundice is decided. Preference is given to endoscopic methods because they are less traumatic. In case of tumor strictures and cicatricial stenosis, bougienage of the bile ducts is performed, followed by installation of stents in their lumen, i.e., endoscopic stenting of the common bile duct is performed. When the sphincter of Oddi is blocked by a stone, endoscopic balloon dilatation is used.

In cases where endoscopic methods fail to remove the obstruction to the outflow of bile, they resort to traditional open abdominal surgery. In order to prevent leakage of bile into the abdominal cavity through sutures in the postoperative period, external drainage of the bile ducts is performed according to Halstead (installation of a polyvinyl chloride catheter in the stump of the cystic duct) or external drainage of the bile ducts according to Kehr (installation of a special T-shaped tube in them).

If the patient is not provided with medical care, then, against the background of massive death of hepatocytes, liver functions are disrupted and liver failure develops.