What diseases does bladder cytology detect? Preparing for a urine test for bladder cancer Presence of atypical cells in the urine

Features of the analysis

The presented method of laboratory evaluation of biological material is characterized by its study at the cellular level.
To do this, specialists use a microscope and examine the morphology of the sample under multiple magnification. If you ask a doctor a question about a cytological examination of urine, what it is, he will say that this method can identify some malignant neoplasms or oncological diseases. It is also worth noting that the study helps in identifying infectious and inflammatory processes.

Cytological examination of urine is performed under a microscope. Source: videoblocks.com

A urine test for atypical cells is prescribed if cancer of the prostate, bladder, urethra, kidneys and ureters is suspected. With correct interpretation of the results, it is possible to diagnose oncology at a very early stage of development, which allows for timely provision of adequate therapy.

Methods of taking analysis

A cytology smear or, as it is also called, a Pap test has been used in medical diagnostics for more than half a century. Its advantages are low cost and efficiency. It allows you to check such a vulnerable spot of the female body as the cervix for the presence (absence) of at least five types of abnormalities in its cells. A Pap test is prescribed to all women 21-65 years old once a year.

Everything is very simple. No special events needed. During a standard gynecological examination using a speculum, the doctor uses a brush to collect cells from three areas, including the entrance to the cervix, the vaginal wall, and the cervical canal. Everything is completely painless and quite comfortable, if you can use this word in relation to a gynecological examination. Nobody can answer the question of how long this analysis takes to be done - each case is individual.

The resulting material is applied to a special glass, evenly distributed on it, dried and sent to the laboratory, where laboratory assistants come into action. They stain the smear with different reagents and study it through a microscope, determining the following parameters of the submitted biomaterial:

The number of cells in relation to the area of their distribution;
Cellular structure and pathological abnormalities in it;
Cell size and relative position;
The shape of the epithelium.

Applying a smear directly onto dry glass - this cytology method is considered a classic. More and more gynecologists, in an effort to reduce the number of false-positive results, are choosing a different way of conducting this examination. It is called “liquid cytology” (Pap test) and is distinguished by the fact that the smear is applied directly to a special medium in which, through a centrifuge, the cells are concentrated into an even layer, while simultaneously being “washed” of contaminants. With this approach, cell images acquire better clarity, and the cytologist’s conclusion becomes more informative and highly accurate.

In addition to dangerous cancer, both types of cytological examination allow timely detection of inflammation and a number of many dangerous conditions of the epithelium that precede oncology, for example, dysplasia. In most cases, taking a smear is not accompanied by bleeding, but if they are observed 2-3 days after the examination, this is not a deviation. When, after an examination by a gynecologist, severe bleeding, chills, abdominal pain and elevated body temperature appear, it is impossible to do without an urgent re-examination.

What's happened

Urine cytology analysis is a laboratory method for studying the elements of urine at the cellular level using a microscope. Evaluation of biological material is necessary when it becomes necessary to establish the presence or absence of signs of degeneration or other atypical changes in cellular structures.

Thanks to this technique, specialists have the opportunity to evaluate the characteristics of individual cell structures based on morphological characteristics. This allows you to later refute or confirm the initial diagnosis. In addition, if necessary, additional diagnostic testing may be performed.

Cytological analysis of urine is one of the most effective and informative in detecting malignant tumor formations, as well as oncological pathologies.

To examine the sample taken, a special dye is injected into the urine sediment. Urine centrifugation is mandatory beforehand. Only after these manipulations does the study of cells take place based on their morphological characteristics.

On this topic

BRAF mutation

It is important to remember that it is necessary to study the cytoplasm, the nucleus, as well as the state in which they interact with each other.

Upon completion of the laboratory study, all data are recorded in detail on a special form. An important component is the changes that the cellular structures have undergone.

The interpretation of the results obtained is carried out exclusively by the leading specialist.

Cytological examination

Despite the relative ease of visual inspection of the bladder cavity using a cystoscope, timely and correct diagnosis of bladder cancer is not always possible due to urethral stricture, large size of prostate adenoma, small bladder capacity, intravesical changes in the mucous membrane, which occur in 6 - 20% of patients [Petrova A. S. et al., 1981].

In such cases, cytological examination is one of the methods by which a malignant process in the organs of the urinary system can be detected.

Cytological diagnosis of bladder tumors began to be used in the second half of the 19th century, but it became most widespread after the description of the general principles of obtaining, staining and microscopic examination of native [Althauzen A. Ya., 1948] and stained preparations. These techniques are mainly associated with the study of freshly released urine sediment.

The cytological picture depends on the clinical and anatomical form and histological structure of the tumor and is characterized by the following main features:

cell polymorphism;
violation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in the direction of enlargement of the nucleus;
increase in the number of nucleoli;
changes in chromatin structure.

Like any method of obtaining material, the method of examining urine sediment has its certain advantages and disadvantages.

The ease of obtaining material and the possibility of repeated examination without harm to the patient cannot eliminate the existing negative aspects:

lack of information about the localization and prevalence of the process;
the possibility of establishing an erroneous diagnosis in the presence of a tumor of the kidney, ureters and urethra;
background contamination with inflammatory elements, salt crystals;
poor cell preservation.

To eliminate the latter, especially significant drawback, various methods have been proposed that improve the exfoliation of tumor cells and their preservation: the alcohol rinse technique or adding a certain amount of 70 and 95% alcohol or other fixing materials to a portion of urine.

Most authors consider the most informative method to be the study of swabs from the walls of the bladder. This technique was proposed by V.G. Kuzmin (1963): the bladder is washed with a solution of furacillin 1:5000, then 30-50 ml of 15% alcohol is injected into its cavity for 10 minutes.

During this time, the patient is in motion to allow cell exfoliation to occur. The bladder is released per vias naturales and the material is centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes, after which smears are prepared and stained in three ways: hematoxylineosin, Pappenheim and Romanovsky-Giemsa. Using this technique, the author detected tumor cells in 96% of patients. According to our data, tumor cells in urine sediment were found in 54% of patients.

The development of endoscopic technology and its widespread use in examining patients has made it possible to specifically obtain material for morphological and cytological studies: targeted washes, scrapings, punctates, smears-imprints of pieces of tissue obtained during biopsy.

We studied the possibilities of using the cytological method in the preoperative diagnosis of bladder cancer by analyzing cytograms of 82 patients, 46 of whom underwent surgery followed by histological examination of the removed tumor.

The material was smear impressions of tumor pieces obtained using biopsy forceps during cystoscopy. The smears were fixed and stained with Leishman's stain with additional staining with an asureosine mixture. Analysis of the results obtained allowed us to identify four variants of cytograms based on the principle of increasing signs of polymorphism and cell atypia and helped to correctly diagnose cancer or suspect it in 78% of patients.

At the same time, it is impossible to completely rely on cytological examination in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The method is auxiliary, and the diagnosis is established based on the totality of all clinical and diagnostic data.

Positive results indicate cancer, but false-positive results are also possible as a result of reactive changes in the mucous membrane due to cystitis, urolithiasis, urethral strictures, etc. . Their frequency averages 2.3%. Negative results do not rule out a tumor. In both cases, a urological examination is necessary.

Cytological examination is especially valuable when it is impossible to perform an instrumental examination of the bladder cavity in patients with a clinical picture of chronic cystitis, as well as when examining individuals at high risk.

M. Matsuada and L. Mori (1977) of 12 such patients, cytologically found carcino ma in situ in 5, which was subsequently confirmed in 3 by cystectomy, in 1 by transurethal electroresection, and in 1 by the discovery of rapidly progressing cancer. The use of cytological examination as a screening test during mass preventive examinations of the population to identify the early stages of bladder cancer is promising.

“Bladder cancer”, V.I. Shipilov

www.medchitalka.ru

When is it prescribed?

Understanding what a urine test for atypical cells is, you need to know that it can be prescribed not only to confirm or refute the progression of a serious disease, but also for preventive purposes, for example, if the patient comes to the clinic for a regular examination.

Urine culture tank for cystitis

In most cases, the study is prescribed for the following purposes:

Detection of cancer cells;
Suspicion of the presence of tumors in the organs of the urinary system;
Determination of the location of tumors;
Monitoring a patient diagnosed with urinary tract cancer;
If blood cells are detected in urine;
To confirm or refute the primary diagnosis;
If necessary, evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy;
Routine examination of patients undergoing surgery.

It is also worth noting that it is not advisable to conduct research without the need. That is why the majority of doctors receive all the necessary information from the results of a general clinical analysis of biological fluids of the body. Cytology is indicated only in situations where there is a suspicion of oncology.

Carrying out cytological analysis

The test is carried out under a microscope by introducing a special coloring agent into the urine sediment subjected to a centrifuge. The laboratory technician, as a rule, evaluates the general morphological composition of urine cells, which includes examination of such cell components as the nucleus, cytoplasm, as well as nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction. The condition and changes in each cell are described.

In addition, there is also automated cytological testing.

Rules

To obtain reliable results, the patient must know and follow the rules for collecting urine. The most informative is morning urine, which is excreted from the body some time after waking up. It is worth remembering that the middle portion is used for research, and the first and last are flushed into the toilet.

Urine should be collected in a sterile plastic container. Source: allkidney.ru

Understanding what a cytological examination of urine is and how important it is to obtain correct information after it, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

Before the patient begins collecting biological material, it is necessary to perform genital hygiene (wash with warm water without using soap);
To make it convenient to collect and transport urine, it is better to purchase a special sterile container for these purposes at the pharmacy;
It is strictly forbidden to drink alcoholic beverages of varying strengths before the analysis;
The patient must exclude from the diet all foods that can change the color of urine, and the drinking regime cannot be adjusted.

After all preparatory measures have been completed, the patient must collect biological material in a prepared container (100 ml will be enough). Now it is necessary to deliver the urine to the laboratory as early as possible (no later than two hours from the moment of collection).

Contraindications

The only limitation to prescribing a cytological urine test is the absence of obvious clinical signs of cancer affecting the organs of the genitourinary system.

Experts do not identify any other contraindications.

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko increased leukocytes

In order for the results obtained during cytology to be as reliable as possible, you need to know how to properly prepare for it. In general, regardless of what kind of analysis needs to be taken, the preparatory activities have almost the same principle.

First of all, you need to follow the rules for performing hygienic procedures, and use only sterile containers for collecting biological material. Differences in preparation can only be in the amount and time of collection of liquid intended for research.

For cytology analysis, urine must be collected in the morning and only after the bladder has been completely emptied of the fluid that has accumulated overnight. Thus, if you woke up, for example, at 6 am, then you need to immediately visit the toilet.

On this topic

What is a cytological examination

For cytological examination, urine is collected only approximately 2 hours after the first bowel movement.

Experts do not recommend drinking large amounts of water the day before the procedure. This is because it can lead to dilution of the biomaterial and the obtaining of distorted data.

After the urine is collected, it must be immediately taken to the laboratory. In this case, it is possible to obtain a reliable result. A container for urine should be purchased at a pharmacy, since it is there that it will be as sterile as possible, which will not require additional measures to process it.

If we are talking about seriously ill patients or patients who do not get up, then urine collection is carried out using a catheter. Before this, the patient must undergo hygienic procedures. After washing the perineum, wipe it dry with a towel, insert a catheter and collect biomaterial.

There are often cases when a specialist prescribes more than one such procedure, which allows the diagnosis to be made as accurately as possible and the presence of an oncological process to be determined.

The material is examined only in laboratory conditions. Cytology can take about five days.

Preparing for a urine test for bladder cancer

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW! The only remedy for CYSTITIS and its prevention, recommended by our subscribers! Read more…

Recently, more and more people are turning to specialists for help, complaining of feeling unwell. And most of them are diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm - cancer. This pathology can affect any organ or system in the body. The bladder is no exception. Healthy cells of the body, under the influence of various factors, can degenerate into cancer cells in a very short time. The first symptoms of the presence of cancer in the body may be: a sharp loss of appetite, weight loss, pain for no apparent reason, general malaise and frequent attacks of nausea. How to determine bladder cancer, what does a blood test show for cancer?

Doctor's examination and blood test

If the patient has the first signals in the body and he has a suspicion that it is cancer, he urgently needs to seek help from an oncologist without delay. It is worth remembering that cancer is a very complex disease, which in most cases ends in death for the patient. Only those who seek qualified help in time and follow all the doctor’s recommendations can be cured.

There are many modern methods for diagnosing bladder cancer. But the first thing the doctor recommends is to do a blood and urine test. So, what will a blood test show?

A general blood test plays an important role in detecting cancer, but changes in it may not always indicate that cancer has affected the bladder. At the same time, the level of leukocytes and ESR in the blood increases.

What does a urine test show for cancer?

Immediately when you give a urine sample, you can notice whether there is blood in it. This may indicate hematuria. If there is a lot of blood in the urine, then it takes on a red tint, but such changes may not always be very pronounced. As a result, the color of the urine becomes richer. Red blood cells can also be detected - this indicates microhematuria.

The reason for the appearance of blood in the urine during bladder cancer is that the tumor grows very quickly and rapidly, as a result there are more blood vessels in it. And they, in turn, bleed heavily when damaged.

It is also worth remembering that hematuria and microhematuria can also occur with other pathologies of the urinary system, such as:

glomerulonephritis;
urolithiasis disease;
bladder polyps and others.

But not only a general urine test is prescribed for a patient with suspected bladder cancer. Also, to confirm the diagnosis, urine cytology results are taken into account.

Cytology: what kind of research is this?

Cytology is a new method that allows the detection of atypical or cancer cells using a microscope. Cytology is used if there is a suspicion of a malignant neoplasm of the urinary tract. This method is most often prescribed for cancer of the bladder, kidneys, prostate, ureters and urethra.

The doctor recommends taking a test if the patient has experienced episodes of blood in the urine. This type of diagnosis is also regularly performed on patients who have already been diagnosed with a bladder tumor in order to monitor the course of the disease. In this case, the sample will detect relapse of the pathology and help take urgent measures.

Cytology allows you to detect pathology in the early stages. Thanks to it, doctors are able to detect even the tiniest malignant and benign tumors of the bladder and other organs.

Possible complications with cytology

There are certain risks of cytology and they depend on the method by which urine was taken for analysis. Usually a small amount of urine collected in a sterile container is enough to make a diagnosis. But if the sample is taken using a catheter, the patient may develop an infection. Therefore, he must be warned about this complication. But such cases are very rare.

Preparation for urine cytology

Before taking a urine cytology test, you need to prepare. Urine for this test must be collected in the morning, but the first urine will not work. It is better if this is a sample from the second or third urination. A morning sample is not suitable because the cells that have been in the bladder all night have already begun to disintegrate, and therefore do not allow an accurate analysis. The sample must be collected in a sterile container, which, after the sample enters it, will be hermetically sealed so that microbes from the air cannot get inside and thereby give an inaccurate result. In some patients, a sample may be collected using a catheter inserted into the urethra.

The doctor may ask you to collect a sample for several days in a row; a larger amount of urine collected over several days increases the accuracy of the analysis.

How is a cytological examination performed?

The resulting sample is sent to the laboratory, where a qualified specialist - a histologist or pathologist - can analyze it under a microscope. In the future, he will describe every cell he sees, identify what changes have occurred in them and describe exactly those that accurately indicate the presence of a cancerous tumor in the body.

What can the obtained cytology results tell us?

Once the answer is ready, it will be transferred to the attending physician, who will subsequently tell the patient about its results. Each laboratory has its own methodology for describing the results obtained. But there are also common terms for all laboratories:

Unsatisfactory sample. This response may indicate that not enough cells were found in the sample or that the wrong cells were found. In this case, the patient must collect the sample again.
Negative cytology. This answer indicates that no cancer cells have been detected in the patient.
Atypical answer. This response may indicate that abnormal cells have been found in the patient, but they cannot accurately indicate the presence of cancer in the body.
Suspicious sample. This answer may indicate that the cells are defective, but they may or may not be cancerous.
Positive cytology. This analysis definitely indicates that cancer cells of the bladder or any other organ are found in the body; you can find out exactly which one by going through other diagnostic methods.

A urine test alone may not be enough to diagnose bladder cancer. The doctor also recommends that you undergo other research methods, collecting the results of which will make it possible to accurately make a diagnosis.

By secret

Incredible... Chronic cystitis can be cured forever!
This time.
Without taking antibiotics!
That's two.
During the week!
That's three.

Follow the link and find out how our subscribers do it!

It is important to know! ×

aginekolog.ru

Study

At the clinic, a specialist will begin to examine the resulting sample. This is done using a coloring substance that is injected into the urine sediment. The urine must first be centrifuged. After this, the laboratory assistant carefully examines the morphological composition of the cells.

Components such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, as well as their interaction with each other must be studied. After this, the specialist writes down in detail on a form with the results all the changes that occurred in the cells. For interpretation, you need to go with the data to a leading specialist.

Dark urine after antibiotics

Indications

It is important to understand that a urine test for atypical cells is prescribed not only to identify or confirm the absence of progression of the oncological process, but also as a preventive measure, for example, when a person undergoes an annual medical examination.

Most often, the main indications for this laboratory test are the following conditions:

suspicion of developing cancer ;
possible damage to the urinary system by tumor formations;
the need to determine the location of the tumor;
control of a patient who has already been diagnosed with urinary tract cancer;
of blood in urine ;
refutation or confirmation of the initially diagnosed pathology;
assessment of the effectiveness of the results of prescribed therapeutic measures;
examination after surgery.

On this topic

Everything you need to know about oncocytology

In addition, it is important to understand that conducting a cytological examination of urine without apparent reason is inappropriate. It is for this reason that specialists obtain most of the necessary information during a general clinical analysis.

Cytology analysis is used only in situations where there is a suspicion of the development of an oncological process.

Decoding

Depending on the clinic in which the analysis was performed, the results may be issued on the same or the next day. It follows from this that it does not take much time to carry out a cellular analysis of urine, but at the same time the analysis itself is highly informative, therefore it is carried out if oncology is suspected.

Normal and atypical cells in urine sediment cytology. Source: ppt-online.org

The interpretation is carried out by the leading specialist, but for a rough understanding of your health status, you can compare the results with the data below:

Negative – indicates the complete absence of cancer cells;
Positive – atypical cells were identified;
Unsatisfactory - it is necessary to retake the biomaterial;
Suspicious - there are cells indicating a benign tumor;
Atypical – atypical cells have been identified that are not cancerous.

In situations where the patient sees any of the lines except the second in the research results, it is imperative to consult a doctor who will issue a referral for additional examinations, for example, this could be a biopsy followed by histological analysis, which will subsequently help to accurately make a diagnosis.

Decoding the result

In addition to the 5 types of changes, deciphering the result can tell the patient other information. Especially if she knows what the following numbers, letters and terms mean:

Symbol for collecting biomaterial from U – urethral canal, C – cervical canal, V – vagina;
A normal white blood cell count is considered to be up to 15 units;
The presence of names such as fungi, trichomonas and gonococci indicates the presence of sexually transmitted infections;
Gardanella and fungi are symptoms of inflammation caused by vaginal candidiasis;
A large amount of cylindrical, glandular or flat epithelium, combined with signs of atrophy, indicates a high probability of the presence of oncology;
There should be no more than 10 units of flat epithelium, otherwise we can talk about a benign neoplasm;
The average amount of mucus is normal;
Degree of purity: first and second – a good vaginal environment, third and fourth – requiring additional diagnostics.
ASCUS – atypical cells;
LSIL – low amount of squamous epithelium;
HSIL is a critical amount of squamous epithelium.

All women should understand that it is impossible to make an oncological diagnosis within the 5 days allotted for cytological analysis. From the Pap test to it, you need to go through several stages (examinations), so going to it every time as if on the chopping block is a wrong attitude. Therefore, it is better to take it into service as a reliable assistant, which will allow you to detect a gynecological problem at the very first phase of development, which in most cases provides a 100% guarantee of recovery.

What is a urine cytology test?

This method differs in that it specializes in examination at the cellular level . A cytological analysis of urine examines the morphology of cells using a microscope in order to identify malignant tumors or oncological formations.

This type of test assesses the state of the human microflora, indicates the presence or absence of pathological infectious and other processes, and allows you to identify and diagnose the following types of diseases:

Prostate cancer.
Bladder cancer.
Cancer of the ureters and urethra.
Kidney cancer.

The importance of this method lies in the fact that it is considered one of the most effective ways to detect cancerous degeneration at the initial stage.

Urine cytology

Cytological examination of urine allows us to assess the characteristics of the morphological structure of individual cells. The test results help make an accurate diagnosis of the presence of a benign or malignant tumor in the body. Urine cytology is also performed for non-tumor disorders developing in certain systems.

The main difference between this type and histological analysis is that it is not tissues that are studied, but cells. Using a microscope, the resulting material is studied, the amount of fluid in the body is determined, and pathological processes are detected.

Features of the study

A cytological analysis of urine is performed using a microscope to identify atypical or cancerous cells. Such a study is used if there is a suspicion of the presence of a malignant tumor in the urinary tract. Urine cytology is one of the most effective diagnostic methods. Using the results obtained, cancer of the ureters, urethra and prostate can be detected. Cytology often reveals malignant tumors in the kidneys.

The specialist prescribes cytology if a small amount of blood is found in the urine. This phenomenon is called hematuria. Cytology is often used as a way to monitor patients who have experienced bladder cancer. In this case, the study allows you to detect relapses of the disease.

Most often, the analysis is used in the development of such diseases:

This research method often helps to detect malignant tumors in the urinary tract. In most cases, urine cytology is not used to diagnose small formations and benign tumors.

It must be said that there are some risks during the test. To study cells under a microscope, one sample collected in a clean container is sufficient. But if urine was donated using a catheter, there is a risk of infection in the urinary tract.

How is a general urine test performed?

As for preparing for the analysis, it is best to collect the material closer to noon, and not after a morning trip to the toilet. This is due to the fact that at night the cells in the bladder can be destroyed, which causes difficulties when studied in the laboratory.

For the study, one sample of liquid is used, collected in a sterile container. If urine is obtained using a catheter, then it must be introduced through the urethra into the bladder.

Sometimes the doctor may ask the patient to provide samples for testing on several days in a row. This is due to the fact that a large amount of collected urine allows a more accurate diagnosis.

Studying in the laboratory

After collecting the necessary material, the cells are studied in laboratory conditions.

A histologist or pathologist examines the composition of urine. After detailed observation, the specialist identifies and records all changes in the cells and determines the presence of cancer episodes.

As for the time required to carry out the analysis, there is no exact answer. Each clinic uses an individual method, but in any case it takes some time to obtain accurate results.

Special medical terms are used to describe the data obtained. An unsatisfactory sample indicates that a sufficient number of cells were not detected in the material, or that incorrect episodes were detected. If such a result is obtained, a repeat analysis is required.

A negative indicator indicates the absence of cancer cells in the body. In this case, it is necessary to look for other reasons that provoked disorders in the urinary tract.

Atypical cytology indicates the presence of a small number of changes in the cells. In this case, the sample is not normal, but also does not have cancer episodes.

A suspicious indicator suggests that negative changes in cells may be the result of exposure to a malignant tumor. Therefore, after some time, you need to re-take your urine for repeat cytology. A positive result confirms that cancer cells have been detected in the material.

It is worth noting that diagnosing urinary tract cancer includes not only urine cytology. If, during the study of the material in the laboratory, atypical cells were found, or the result was positive, the specialist must prescribe a cystoscopy. This allows you to fully examine the bladder and organs located around it.

2pochki.com

Indications and contraindications

Cytology can be prescribed for both preventive and diagnostic purposes. Basically, this testing method is used as an initial diagnosis of cancer in the bladder, that is, if the patient complains of pain when urinating, blood in the urine, urine retention, acute pain in the kidney area and other similar symptoms.

Preventive indications:

Screening for cancer.

Diagnostic indications:

If there is a risk of a tumor of the urinary system.
To detect malignant tumors.
With existing oncology of the urinary tract.
To monitor the development of cancer cells.
If there are particles of blood in the urine (hematuria),
In order to clarify the diagnosis,
To assess the effectiveness of treatment,
As a control of the results of the operation.

Usually, an analysis is not prescribed if the patient does not have clear suspicions of cancer in the genitourinary system.

Purpose of the study

Urine is submitted for cytology in the following conditions:

suspicion of a neoplasm in the bladder, as well as the kidneys, ureters, urethra, prostate gland (prostate). The indication is hematuria - the presence of blood cells - red blood cells - in urine. In some cases, analysis is prescribed for urinary problems;
control of possible recurrence of urinary tract cancer;
the inability to use colposcopy and other methods to study the state of the reproductive system in women (virgins, during menstruation, with extensive inflammation). In this case, urine cells are examined.

Laboratory cytological examination is carried out to diagnose oncological diseases of the genitourinary tract.
Cytology of urine sediment cannot diagnose benign bladder tumors such as lipoma, fibroma, leiomyoma, neurofibromatosis, as well as pathological tissue proliferation - endometriosis. However, the method allows you to identify papillomas in time, preventing their degeneration, as well as detect cancer cells.

What will a cytological test tell you?

The biomaterial, as already noted, is examined in laboratory conditions under a microscope. The urine is placed in a centrifuge, where it is mixed and the identified cells are counted from the sediment.

The pathologist describes each cell seen, notes the changes that have occurred, and those that mark the presence of cancer cells and their stage of reproduction. After the analysis has been done, it is sent to the attending physician.

Each laboratory has its own terms and units of measurement for urine tests, it depends on the equipment used to count cells. But there are also general medical terms that are already applicable in all laboratories and clinics, and have the same meaning:

The cytology analysis gave an unsatisfactory result - this indicates that the study is questioned and the analysis must be retaken.
The result of the analysis is atypical - this indicates that the patient had cells that were atypical for the body, but they do not accurately indicate cancerous tumors.
Cytology analysis is suspicious - this result indicates that cells are present, but it is not possible to determine their nature. Perhaps these are benign neoplasms.
A positive test indicates that cancer cells have been detected in the body. And which organ was attacked by them can be determined by a highly specialized diagnostic method.
A negative result - in this case, the patient can breathe a sigh of relief, since no cancer cells were detected, and accordingly the pathology is of a different nature.

To detect cancer of the bladder, ureter, kidney, a single urine test is not enough, therefore, as a rule, a comprehensive examination of the body is carried out. And based on the collected tests, a diagnosis is made and treatment is prescribed.

The advantage of this analysis is that the cytological test does not require much time compared to other studies, and the results will allow the attending physician to act in the right direction.

All about bladder cytology in women and men

Bladder cytology refers to a type of test that can detect the presence of atypical or cancerous cells. Urine cytology is used if, during examination, the doctor finds a suspicion of the presence of a tumor in the urinary tract. Most often, this diagnostic method is used to detect cancer.

Features of the study

The diagnosis is made based on the manifestation of certain symptoms that indicate the presence of a cancerous tumor in the bladder. If the examination and special tests do not show an accurate result, there is a need for bladder cytology in women.

When using this method, it is possible to detect not only cancer in the urinary tract, but also the following types of ailments:

impairment and negative changes in the kidneys;
diseases of the ureters;
inflammation in the urethra;
cancer cells in the prostate gland.

The doctor must prescribe a similar procedure if blood appears in the urine. The use of this method is necessary for those patients who suffer from malignant tumors or have completed treatment for the disease. A study carried out in a timely manner helps to avoid relapse of the disease.

It is worth noting that with bladder cytology in women it is impossible to diagnose the presence of small tumors and benign formations. Basically, with the help of this analysis there is a chance to determine the development of large cancerous tumors.

How to prepare for the procedure

Preparing for bladder cytology in women does not take much time; you need to follow a few simple steps. Urine for the procedure must be collected after a morning trip to the toilet. Samples that were provided in the morning are not used for testing. This is due to the destruction of cells at night, which causes difficulties during analysis in the laboratory.

To conduct the study, you must provide a sample, which is placed in a sterile container. In complex and severe cases, urine collection occurs using a catheter.

Sometimes the specialist may ask for multiple samples within a short period of time. This helps to more accurately determine the presence of cancer cells in the body.

After this, the procedure takes place in a laboratory setting, and then a specialist (pathologist or histologist) performs a final analysis of the data obtained, on the basis of which he diagnoses the disease.

Evaluation of results

The laboratory specialist must provide a conclusion to the doctor who is involved in the treatment. Using some medical terms, you can even independently understand whether there are cancer cells in the urine.

If the sample is unsatisfactory, this indicates that the test did not detect a sufficient number of abnormal cells. The procedure must be repeated.

A negative reading indicates that the person is healthy. No formations were found.

An atypical sample indicates a change in the samples provided. This means that cells of an atypical shape are found, but this does not indicate the presence of cancer. Additional tests are needed.

If, when drawing up the conclusion, a suspicious indicator was indicated, then this may be the first alarming signal. Such data indicate a suspicion of the presence of malignant cells.

And the last, positive type, indicates that there are cancer cells in the human body. With this result, the woman should be prescribed appropriate treatment.

As a complement to this method, other types of research can be used. If the cytology data are not confirmed, the attending physician prescribes a cystoscopy. This method can confirm the presence of urinary tract disease.

uropraktik.ru

What diseases does it detect?

Thanks to this test, specialists are able to study the state of the patient’s microflora, confirm the presence or absence of pathologies of an infectious nature and others. In addition, this type of study makes it possible to identify and diagnose cancer of the kidneys, urethra, prostate gland, ureters and bladder.

The importance of the technique lies in its effectiveness and the ability to detect cancerous degeneration of cells at the beginning of the development of the pathological process.

Cytology: what kind of research is this?

Cytology allows you to detect pathology in the early stages. Thanks to it, doctors are able to detect even the tiniest malignant and benign tumors of the bladder and other organs.

Preparing for the study

Although most urine samples require the first morning sample, which is considered the most informative, cellular level analysis requires urine collected approximately some time after waking up.

This is explained by the fact that in urine that stagnates overnight, most cells are damaged, which significantly affects the accuracy of cytology.

To properly collect the material, it is important to maintain personal hygiene and use a sterile disposable container with an airtight lid.
It is not recommended to drink too much liquid, and also avoid drinking alcohol the day before taking the test.
It is important to submit urine samples to the laboratory as soon as possible after receiving the biomaterial to ensure maximum accuracy of the results.
For bedridden patients, material is collected using a catheter.
Additional preparation conditions are prescribed by the doctor.

Doctor's examination and blood test

There are many modern methods for diagnosing bladder cancer. But the first thing the doctor recommends is to do a blood and urine test. So, what will a blood test show?