Urine formation in the human body: composition and properties

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How to deal with urinary incontinence?

Urinary incontinence (enuresis) is a fairly common and delicate problem that causes serious psychological and physical discomfort. The severity of enuresis varies, from a slight leakage of urine when coughing or sneezing to a sudden and very strong urge to urinate, which is difficult to resist in order to get to the toilet.

Although bedwetting is more common in older people, it is not an inevitable consequence of aging. To get rid of this problem, in most cases it is enough just to change your lifestyle or undergo drug therapy.

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What is urinary incontinence?

There are several types of urinary incontinence:

• stressful - urine leaks out involuntarily when pressure in the abdominal cavity increases, for example, during

  
  How to cure a cough? coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting heavy objects. Stress urinary incontinence can also be caused by hormonal imbalances, disruption of nerve conduction in the pelvic organs, or damage to the pelvic floor muscles. In women, this type of enuresis often develops after difficult childbirth, and in men - after surgery to remove the prostate;

• Urgency incontinence is characterized by leakage of urine during a sudden and strong desire to urinate. This type of enuresis is caused by increased activity of the bladder muscles. Urgent urinary incontinence can occur due to diseases of the brain or spinal cord, damage or inflammation of the bladder wall;
• unconscious - a person does not feel the need to urinate when the bladder is full, so after a while it empties reflexively. The reason for urinary retention lies in the disruption of the conduction of nerve impulses from the bladder to the brain;
• complete incontinence - urine does not accumulate in the bladder and gradually leaks. Uncontrolled, constant leakage may be caused by impaired nerve conduction and/or malfunction of the sphincter;
• mixed, combining several types, for example, stressful and imperative.

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Volume

The volume of urine depends on the amount of fluid consumed by the body and diet, age, ambient temperature, work and rest.

The ratio of daytime and nighttime diuresis fluctuates normally within the range (3-4):1.

Normal values

Daily urine output in adults of less than 500 ml and more than 2000-2500 ml is considered as abnormalities.

Physiological changes

Oliguria develops as a result of dehydration of the body with low consumption of fluids, primarily water, with increased sweating, and with an increase in ambient temperature.

Polyuria and/or polakiuria (frequent urination) is observed when taking large amounts of liquid, when taking watermelons, melons and fruits, strong emotional experiences (stressful situations), when taking diuretic drinks (alcohol, coffee) or medications.

Pathological changes

Anuria occurs in acute renal failure, severe nephritis, meningitis, peritonitis, tetany, poisoning with lead, mercury, arsenic, severe nervous shock, blockage of the urinary tract by a tumor or stone (retention anuria) and is accompanied by the development of uremia.

Oliguria observed

• for heart diseases,
• corresponds to acute nephritis, acute renal failure, nephrosclerosis,
• with increased losses due to fever, vomiting, diarrhea, toxicosis.

Olakiuria (rare urination) is observed in neuro-reflex disorders.

Polyuria (can produce up to 10 liters of urine per day) noted

• in diseases of the nervous system – paroxysmal polyuria,
• with hydronephrosis – intermittent polyuria,
• during the resorption of edema, transudates, exudates,
• pronounced in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus,
• for chronic nephritis and pyelonephritis,

Polakiuria corresponds to inflammation of the urinary tract, feverish conditions, and neuroses.
0

The process of urine formation

The final urine is formed in the kidneys as a result of filtration, reabsorption and secretion of blood. The process of its formation occurs in two stages, and urine is also divided into two types:

• Primary is blood that is initially filtered from low-molecular substances, among which there are both substances unnecessary for the body and those necessary for participation in metabolic processes. Primary urine is far from being the liquid that is excreted through the urethra; it is very different from final urine. In fact, it is practically blood, only without the protein. Initially, the blood passes through the outer layer of the kidney (the glomeruli), where it is filtered, turning into primary urine and entering the capsules.
• Secondary urine is the same urine that we send into the toilet. It is cut off as a result of the fact that primary urine passes through a complex system of renal filtering tubules. Thorough filtration occurs in them, for which colossal energy is expended, substances and water necessary for the body are absorbed, and all harmful components then pass through the tubules and are excreted in the form of secondary urine through the ureters into the bladder.

ON A NOTE!!!

The process of filtering blood by the kidneys and processing it into urine is so intense that with its weight of 120 - 200 grams, it consumes approximately 1/11 of the total oxygen entering the body.

As a result, the kidneys filter 150-170 liters of primary urine per day, resulting in the formation of approximately 1.5 liters of urine - diuresis is the amount of urine excreted per day. These indicators may vary depending on a person’s life activity.

How is urinary incontinence treated?

To treat urinary incontinence, medications and non-drug methods (psycho- and physical therapy) are used. The choice of drug depends on the cause that provoked the development of enuresis. For infections of the genitourinary system, antibacterial therapy is prescribed; for hormonal disorders, hormonal drugs are prescribed. If stress is the cause of enuresis, antidepressants may be recommended. If the bladder is overactive, anticholinergic drugs are prescribed to help relax the bladder muscles.

In addition to drug therapy, your doctor may prescribe herbal infusions that improve the health of the urinary system. Physiotherapeutic techniques for enuresis include Kegel exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the pelvic floor and bladder. They can be done not only by women, but also by men.

Causes of urinary incontinence in men

The causes of urinary incontinence in men depend on its type:

• Stress incontinence can develop after surgery to remove the prostate gland if the nerves or sphincter of the bladder were damaged during the procedure. When the function of the sphincter is impaired, urine may leak outward due to a sharp increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity;
• imperative (urgent) incontinence is caused by hyperactivity of the bladder muscles - they contract, pushing urine out so much that the sphincter cannot hold it;
• Overflow incontinence (unconscious) is caused by an obstruction to the flow of urine, most often due to an enlarged prostate gland (prostate adenoma) or a narrow urethra. Less commonly, this type of incontinence is caused by weak bladder muscles.

Urinary incontinence in men is often associated with prostate disease. Enuresis can be aggravated by alcohol abuse and taking certain types of medications (diuretics, antidepressants, sedatives).

Options for reducing urine output

If the amount of urine produced is 50-500 ml per day, the condition is called oliguria. The renal form of oliguria occurs:

• with nephrotic syndrome;
• acute nephritis;
• polycystic kidney disease;
• bilateral nephrosclerosis.

It is one of the main symptoms of acute and chronic renal failure.

Extrarenal accompanies:

• heart failure;
• liver damage;
• neuroendocrine disorders;
• bleeding and shock;
• profuse vomiting and diarrhea.

In heart failure, fluid is retained in the lungs and pleural cavities

As a physiological way of adaptation, it occurs when sweating in the heat, hard work, or playing sports.

Anuria is a decrease in urine output below 50 ml/day. There are 3 types. Prerenal – accompanies conditions in which blood does not flow into normal kidneys or flows poorly due to severe disturbances in the water-electrolyte ratio:

• shock of various types;
• decreased blood pressure;
• compression of the renal vessels by the tumor;
• arterial thrombosis;
• dehydration of the body.

Causes of low urine output

Renal (renal) – associated with kidney damage. Observed when:

• poisoning with nephrotoxic substances (ethylene glycol, salts of heavy metals);
• deposition of crystals of drugs (sulfonamides), uric acid salts in the nephron tubules;
• kidney ischemia with transition to acute tubular necrosis;
• acute and chronic nephritis;
• urolithiasis.

Postrenal - is a consequence of impaired outflow along the urine excretion pathways, if they are clogged with blood clots or stones, or compressed by a tumor.

Why does urinary incontinence occur in women?

Urinary incontinence is more common in women than in men because they are exposed to a significantly larger number of triggers throughout their lives:

• pregnancy - a hormonal surge can cause weakening of the pelvic floor muscle tone, and an increase in fetal weight often leads to the development of stress urinary incontinence;
• difficult, prolonged or rapid labor. Trauma to the perineum or rupture of the pelvic floor muscles can damage the nerve pathways and the integrity of the urinary canals. This can cause urinary incontinence even in young women;
• age-related changes. Due to the weakening of the muscle tone of the bladder walls and its involuntary contractions, which become more frequent with age, women may leak a small amount of urine;
• menopause. With its onset in a woman’s body, the production of estrogen, a sex hormone that helps maintain the health of the mucous membrane of the bladder and urethra, sharply decreases;
• Major gynecological operations, such as hysterectomy, can cause damage to the pelvic nerves responsible for maintaining the tone of the urethral sphincter or muscles that control the bladder.

Urine - areas of application

Urine is an important diagnostic element in medicine. Based on its chemical composition, a number of diseases and abnormalities in the functioning of the body can be determined. It is also actively used in pharmaceuticals. The urine of humans and animals is used to obtain hormones used in the production of medicines. In the field of alternative medicine, there is a whole direction in which urine is the main healing component - urine therapy. Modern medicine questions the benefits of such treatment and even believes that it can be dangerous to health.

Urine can serve as fertilizer for plants. It contains nutrients such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, which are absorbed by the root system of plants. But only in a minimum concentration in an aqueous solution of 10:1, otherwise the excess salts will simply burn the plant. It also contains a large amount of nitrogen, which also interferes with the normal growth and development of plants. Urine as a fertilizer should be used extremely carefully and it is advisable to first study the composition of the soil.

As you can see, urine performs an extremely important function in human life; it takes on the very dirty work without which our body will die.

This concludes our article. Kakasic is on air and we are always glad to see you.

Relief!

The kidneys and genitourinary system are involved in a process such as the formation of urine, which is a light yellow liquid consisting of electrolytes and metabolic products. In order for the body not to fail, it is necessary to monitor the health of the kidneys, eat the right foods and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Folk remedies for urinary incontinence

The use of folk remedies in the fight against urinary incontinence can hardly be called advisable, since they are often ineffective against this problem. It is better not to waste time and immediately consult a doctor who will find out the cause of enuresis and prescribe treatment.

The following recommendations can help people suffering from enuresis get rid of this problem or reduce its symptoms simply by changing their lifestyle. To get rid of urinary incontinence on your own, you need to:

• Do daily exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, such as Kegel exercises. It is important to do them correctly so as not to harm yourself. The first results will be noticeable in an average of 1.5 -3 months;
• quit smoking. Smokers are more susceptible to colds than others, and coughing puts stress on the pelvic floor muscles and increases pressure in the abdominal cavity, which provokes stress incontinence;
• replace high-intensity training with Pilates, a system of exercises that strengthens all the major muscles of the body;
• avoid lifting heavy objects;
• eat more foods containing fiber (vegetables, fruits, whole grains) and exercise daily to prevent

  
  What to do if you are constipated? constipation;

• reduce caffeine consumption - it irritates the walls of the bladder;
• reduce alcohol consumption, as it has a diuretic effect;
• Drink at least 6-8 glasses of water per day. Restricting fluid intake only makes urinary incontinence worse because it reduces bladder capacity;
• avoid spicy and sour foods, as they can irritate the bladder and worsen incontinence;
• reset

  
  How much should I weigh for my height and age? excess weight, as fatty tissue puts pressure on the bladder.

Urinary incontinence is a sign of problems in the body. This pathology significantly worsens a person’s quality of life and forces him to avoid the company of other people, so he must be treated. Enuresis responds well to treatment, and in some cases, its symptoms can be eliminated with just a few changes in your lifestyle.

Composition and properties of urine

Urine is 97% water. The remaining 3% consists of organic and inorganic components.

Organic components:

• Urea (20 - 35 g)
• Ketone bodies (< 3 g)
• Amino acids (1 - 3 g)
• Creatinine (1 - 1.5 g)
• Uric acid (0.3 - 4.99 g)
• Glucose (<0.16 g)
• Protein (<0.15 g)
• Hippuric acid (0.15 g)
• Creatine (0.05 - 0.1 g)

Inorganic components:

• Cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+,)
• Anions (Cl−, SO42−, HPO42−)
• Other ions (in small quantities)

Normally, urine has a light yellow transparent color, the color is given to it by urobilin, it can be more or less saturated depending on its concentration. Some medications and foods can temporarily change the color of your urine.

Possible urine color conditions:

• Polyuria is urine that is lighter in color.
• Oliguria - urine is more saturated.
• Red or rose-red may be in the presence of fresh blood.
• A reddish color appears when beets are consumed.
• Gray-pink color - hematuria, bleeding from the high parts.
• Black color - myoglobinuria.
• Milky white - chyluria.
• The presence of fat in the urine is lipuria.

Urine - role in the body

The formation of urine and its removal from the body plays a very important role in ensuring the constancy of the internal water and chemical balance of substances in the body. Urine serves as a kind of conductor for the final products of metabolism in the body, as well as salts and toxins that enter it from the outside or during pathological processes, removing them from the body. That is why in case of illnesses and poisonings it is recommended to drink a lot of fluids - so that the body cleanses itself.

ON A NOTE!!!

Urine has the effect of sympathetic ink - its recording is initially invisible, it becomes visible under certain conditions. If you write something with urine and then dry it, the writing will be almost invisible. You can reveal the written inscription by heating it, the urine will acquire a dark brown tint.

How urine is formed in the human body

There is a so-called theory of urine formation. After entering the body, all food and liquid begins to be processed and its constituent elements enter the blood. During circulation, blood passes through almost all organs, the last of which is the kidneys. The process of urine formation consists of blood passing through three successive stages:

• Filtration. At this stage, primary urine is formed. First, the blood passes through the vessels, and the kidneys filter it (for this, there is a three-layer purification system that thoroughly processes it). The kidneys are responsible for clearing the body of protein, which is why if a person’s urine tests show increased protein, we can safely assume that there may be problems with the kidneys,
• Reabsorption. All proteins and particles that enter the kidneys after filtration go through this stage. During the process of reabsorption, they return back to the blood. The body also receives back the fluid it needs,
• Secretions. The opposite stage of reabsorption consists in the formation of secondary urine and its entry into the bladder through the ureters.

If there is a disruption in the way urine is produced, a person may experience serious consequences and illnesses.

What does urine consist of?

Normal urine contains water, electrolytes and end products of cellular metabolism that enter the kidneys with the blood and end up in the urine after filtration. Urine is formed in the kidneys thanks to the nephron (a special unit responsible for the formation and excretion of urine). There are over one million such nephrons in the kidney. The characteristic of nephrons is to ensure reliable kidney function and urine formation, performing their functions periodically (when one part of them is actively working, the second is resting).

The nephron consists of:

• renal corpuscle, which is a glomerulus of blood vessels and the capsule of the renal glomerulus that surrounds it,
• proximal segment, consisting of straight and curved parts,
• thin segment of the nephron loop,
• distal segment, consisting of straight and curved parts. Curved tubules pass into collecting ducts, which form ducts that remove biological fluid through the ureters.

Mechanism of formation of primary urine

Urine is formed in several stages:

1. Filtration.
2. Reabsorption (reabsorption).

The filtration process occurs directly in the nephrons. Blood with substances dissolved in it enters the nephron glomerulus, where, due to the difference in pressure, it is filtered. As a result, primary urine is formed. It contains water, mineral salts, nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatinine), glucose, amino acids, and toxins. During the day, an average of 180 liters of primary urine is released. Where does she go?

Thanks to reabsorption, it is almost completely absorbed back into the blood through the nephron tubules. Normally, no nutrients should be excreted in urine.

As a result, secondary urine is formed containing water, sodium, potassium, hydrogen and ammonia ions. The body no longer needs these components; they are the ones that enter the ureter.

If we compare primary and secondary urine, the first is similar in composition to blood plasma, while the second contains toxins and substances that are present in excess in the blood.