Interpretation of general urine analysis in children under one year of age table

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Reasons for changes in the general properties of urine

The reasons for changes in the general properties of urine occur not only during illness, but also during a change in diet or environment. Urine test results in children change after prolonged exposure to the sun. If violations of the norms are detected, the doctor prescribes additional examinations. This is possible with liver pathology, kidney disease, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract, bladder or urethra, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and other pathologies. In order not to miss the onset of childhood diseases of the urinary and other systems, it is necessary to have the child examined annually by a doctor and carry out blood and urine tests. Timely detected pathology and proper treatment contribute to a favorable prognosis.

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Urinalysis in children - explanation, norm in the table

18.08.2018
Deciphering a urine test in children is just as important as for adults.

Urine is a liquid that is formed when blood plasma reaches the kidneys. In the glomeruli it is filtered, some of the substances are absorbed back through the intravascular fluid, and some are excreted in the form of urine. Next, the excretory fluid enters the bladder. When it is emptied, urine enters the urinary canal and exits through the urethra.

How to collect a urine test from a child correctly

To check your health and make a diagnosis, your therapist will prescribe a general urinalysis (UCA). This is a laboratory diagnostic method that determines urine parameters. In order for a doctor to correctly interpret the results of a urine test, which will be given to him by a laboratory assistant, it is necessary to correctly collect urine.

1. Urine collection is carried out before the start of treatment, since even a minor use of drugs will change the result. Therefore, it is necessary to exclude all drugs a week before testing.
2. If medications that are constantly necessary to maintain health are used, the attending physician and laboratory assistant are warned about this.
3. A few days before taking a urine test, they adhere to a diet: do not eat fatty, fried, salty, or spicy foods. Children eat less sweets.
4. On the day of the urine test, do not eat; immediately after sleep, collect the urine in a container that is sterile, that is, does not contain microorganisms. You cannot use jars for these purposes, as they contain germs that will not disappear even after washing. The result will be erroneous; the content of protein, bacteria, and other contaminants will be revealed.
5. Before collecting biomaterial, wash your body with bactericidal soap.
6. If urine is collected from adult children, a container is placed under the external genitalia during urination. For infants, a urinal is used, which is attached to the vaginal outlet in girls and around the penis in boys. After urination, the contents of the urine bag are poured into a sterile container.
7. After the urine sample is collected, it is taken to the laboratory. The maximum transportation time is no more than one hour. If the time is extended, the sample is placed inside the refrigerator. Freezing is not allowed.
8. The patient’s data, the doctor’s name and the time of collection are written on the sample.

Features of deciphering a general urine test in children

A general urine test evaluates the functioning of the urinary, cardiovascular systems, kidneys, and liver. The indicators that determine are the same for adults and children. The difference lies in the quantitative changes.

• The color of urine indicates the concentration ability of the kidneys and the state of water-salt balance. In a healthy person of any age, it should be straw-yellow. In the morning it is different, since urine becomes more concentrated overnight (more substances are formed, less liquid). When drinking less water per day or increased sweating, urine undergoes temporary physiological changes and a color deviation to amber appears.
• Transparency of urine: normally, the liquid should be free of impurities, sediment, cloudiness, and foam. When examined in the light, complete transparency is revealed. Cloudiness is detected when the urinary system is disrupted.
• The smell of urine is specific, not putrid. For children, it is typical for it to change after eating various foods, since the filtration capacity of the kidneys is not developed.
• Specific gravity (density). This physical indicator evaluates the filtration function of the kidney glomeruli; the more substances (protein, glucose) are released through the organ, the darker the urine and the higher the specific gravity. The density of urine depends on the food consumed: from protein - it increases, from a large amount of vegetables - it decreases.
• Acid-base state. Depends on the ratio of acids and alkalis that are released from the blood into the kidneys and bladder. The alkaline index is typical for newborns; it increases with age.

In infants, pH depends on nutrition: with breastfeeding it is more neutral, with artificial feeding it is alkaline.

• Protein cannot be detected in a healthy person of any age. The appearance of protein is observed during pathological processes in the body.
• Glucose in the urine is usually absent in a healthy person of any age; it appears when there is a metabolic disorder. It is determined in the urine if there is an excess of carbohydrate in the blood. The appearance of glucose is observed in diabetes and kidney disorders.
• The epithelium in urine is the cells that line the urinary tract. Present in small amounts in healthy people of all ages. If the reading is elevated, the doctor will look for inflammation of the urinary system. Most often it occurs with inflammation of the bladder and urethra.
• Casts are structures that form inside the kidney tubules. A urine test of a healthy child does not reveal them. Their appearance is allowed only for newborns. If casts are detected, this indicates renal failure.
• Leukocytes are cells of the immune system; they serve to destroy foreign microorganisms. Therefore, if they appear numerously, the therapist will suspect an infection caused by microbes. Their number depends on the age of the child.
• Red blood cells are cells of the intravascular fluid that carry protein - hemoglobin. Their number for a normal urine test is limited. If the number of red blood cells has increased, it means that damage has occurred to the mucous membrane of the urinary system. The number of normal red blood cells is the same for all ages.
• Bacteria and fungi are absent in healthy people. Their appearance occurs due to improper collection of excretory fluid or long transportation. Microbes in the analysis are detected in pyelonephritis in children.
• Salts appear in healthy people with a typical diet (consumption of pickles, table salt in the diet). In infants, when complementary foods are introduced or breastfeeding, it is found to be normal. Many crystals are found only in the presence of urolithiasis.
• Mucus is formed after inflammatory diseases of the urinary system; it is absent in healthy people.
• Bilirubin, urobilinogen absent, is a sign of liver disease.
• Ketone bodies are a component of fat and carbohydrate metabolism; they are absent in healthy people and appear only in young children after a long carbohydrate-free diet.

To evaluate the interpretation of a general urine test, contact a therapist. Diseases pass with an increase in several indicators, for example, leukocytes, red blood cells and casts increase after the onset of urolithiasis.

Important! Often indicators appear when taking certain medications.

General table of indicators for urine tests in children

To make it easier for the therapist to decipher the data from a laboratory study of a general urine test in children, a table of norms has been made. Patients can find out for themselves what their indicators are and whether they are normal before visiting a doctor.

A general urine test in children is normal and the results are explained in the table.

IndicatorLatin abbreviationNorm for infantsNorm for children from 1 year

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko in children

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko is carried out if a general urinalysis gives inaccurate results or shows erroneous data. The method is more informative than a general urine test, as it shows the exact number of cells per 1 ml of liquid.

A general urine test is performed using microscopy. It requires an average portion of urine. That is, the child first urinates inside the toilet, then into the container, then again inside the toilet.

Therefore, collecting a sample from an infant is difficult.

The time for moving it to the laboratory assistant should be as short as possible. Cells are counted using a semi-automatic analyzer, so the risk of medical error is reduced.

For children, there are their own standards for urine analysis according to Nechiporenko:

• white blood cells - no more than 2 thousand cells per 1 ml of liquid;
• red blood cells - no more than 1 thousand cells;
• cylinders up to 15-20.

IndicatorNorm for children per 1 ml

Urine analysis according to Zimnitsky in children

Urinalysis according to Zimnitsky is prescribed after identifying many cylinders in a general urinalysis and Nechiporenko’s test. Using this analysis, all daily urine is collected. That is, every three hours the patient urinates inside the container and gives the sample to the nurse. The laboratory technician determines the amount of urine and its specific gravity.

This monitors the concentration function of the kidneys, that is, their ability to dilute excreted substances in urine.

A healthy child produces more urine during the day because kidney function slows down at night. Each individual portion should have a different density of urine, but the fluctuations are minor. After drinking liquid (this is recorded in the diary), there should be more urine.

Reasons for changes in the general properties of urine

The reasons for changes in the general properties of urine occur not only during illness, but also during a change in diet or environment. Urine test results in children change after prolonged exposure to the sun. If violations of the norms are detected, the doctor prescribes additional examinations.

This is possible with liver pathology, kidney disease, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract, bladder or urethra, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and other pathologies.

In order not to miss the onset of childhood diseases of the urinary and other systems, it is necessary to have the child examined annually by a doctor and carry out blood and urine tests. Timely detected pathology and proper treatment contribute to a favorable prognosis.

Urine analysis in children - explanation, norm in the table Link to main publication

Source: https://ruanaliz.ru/mocha/analiz-mochi-u-detej/