Features of a person’s life after removal of one kidney

The kidneys are paired organs that do not differ from each other in structure and functionality. Normally, they produce urine at the same intensity. Due to the development of a tumor, a purulent process, a severe form of urolithiasis, or for the purpose of donation, a person undergoes a unilateral nephrectomy (removal of one kidney). The patient's future depends on the performance of the remaining organ, which is influenced by lifestyle choices.

• 2 Recommendations for people with one kidney
  2.1 Diet

  2.1.1 Table: sample menu for the week

About the kidneys

The kidneys are an important paired anatomical organ of the urinary system, responsible for the filtration, formation and excretion of urine, thereby ensuring a kind of fluid homeostasis in the body. It should be noted that the role of the kidneys in the functioning of the whole organism is of enormous importance , and if the functioning of at least one of them is disrupted, the functioning of the entire organism occurs, which is manifested by complex symptoms and can lead to serious and even life-threatening complications.
That is why, if symptoms appear that indicate kidney pathology, you should immediately go to a specialized clinic for medical help! The kidneys are a paired organ, however, in the presence of certain diseases and pathologies, doctors may decide to remove the affected kidney. In this case, specialists explain to the patient all the advantages and disadvantages of such treatment. However, when deciding to use surgery to remove one of the kidneys , emphasis should be placed on the fact that the consequences of such treatment will save the patient’s life, which is always more important than any associated disadvantages of this operation.
In addition, with one kidney, a patient can live for many years without denying himself anything.

Educational facts related to human kidneys

In 24 hours, this organ filters about 2,000 liters of blood. The entire blood volume is filtered by the kidneys 35 times a day. The total length of capillaries inside the kidney is 25 km. The kidney contains 1 million filtering components. Representatives of the stronger sex who systematically practice sunbathing show a lower likelihood of developing kidney cancer. In women, such a relationship has not been established. The first artificially made kidney was used in 1944. In 2013, specialists from the USA produced an artificial kidney using bioengineering techniques. Even in the era of Hippocrates - in the VI-V centuries BC. e. There were specialists who could remove kidney stones. They were called "stone cutters". The first known “stonecutter” of Russia I.P. Venediktov lived and worked in the 2nd half of the 18th century. During his life he performed about 3 thousand operations. On October 2, the world celebrates Urologist Day. With hypertension and heart pathologies, the kidneys take the blow.

Reasons for kidney removal

The reasons for kidney removal vary. In some cases, to save the patient’s life there is no other option but to use surgical treatment in the form of an operation to remove one of the kidneys. So among the main reasons that provoke kidney removal are:

1. The presence of tumor formations that affect the kidney;
2. The presence of an abnormality in the development of the kidney, which is incompatible with the normal function and functioning of the organ;
3. Causing serious traumatic injuries, the presence of which is incompatible with human life;
4. Chronic inflammatory processes in the kidney, which negatively affected its condition and ultimately led to the inability to function normally;
5. The presence of polycystic disease and other diseases that impair the functioning of the organ.

To prevent surgery to remove a kidney , try to always consult a doctor in a timely manner if you have symptoms indicating kidney damage, as well as if the above reasons occur. Remember, any disease should be treated at an early stage of its development, otherwise treatment methods turn out to be more global and significant.

Time to throw away the stones

Why do kidney stones occur? And what are the ways to get rid of them?

Kidney stones are formed as a result of metabolic disorders, especially due to changes in the water-salt and chemical composition of the blood. If the disease is left untreated, there is a threat of cystitis, acute or chronic pyelonephritis, and sometimes purulent inflammation in the kidney, in which the only salvation is removal of the organ.

Risk factors

● Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, colitis, ulcers...) and the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, prostatitis, cystitis, urinary tract infections), as well as metabolic and vascular disorders in the kidney.

● Osteoporosis and other bone diseases.

● Dysfunction of the parathyroid glands.

● Prolonged dehydration of the body (most often as a result of poisoning or an infectious disease).

● Lack of vitamin D, which is synthesized under the influence of sunlight, so the next risk factor is chronic ultraviolet deficiency.

● Hot climate. Too much sun is no less harmful than too little sun.

● Abuse of foods that increase the acidity of urine (spicy, sour, salty), as well as an abundance of protein in food or a monotonous diet.

● Drinking hard water with a high salt content.

● A sedentary lifestyle leading to impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

Symptoms

● Pain and feeling of heaviness in the lower back, just above and to the side of the sacrum. As a rule, it hurts on one side, especially severely during physical activity or when changing body position.

● Pain in the lower abdomen, as well as in the groin and genital area.

● Blood in the urine (this happens when a stone damages the mucous membrane).

● Pain when urinating, frequent urination, cloudy urine. Unreasonable and sudden urge to urinate appears more often when walking, shaking or physical activity.

● Edema.

● Increased body temperature.

Diagnostics

This disease can be confused with appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, so an accurate diagnosis can only be made after obtaining data from a urological examination. It includes:

● General blood test.

● General urine test. It may show leukoceturia (inflammation in the kidneys) and the presence of salts.

● Ultrasound of the kidneys.

● Urography or computed tomography (CT) of the kidneys. An X-ray contrast agent is injected into a vein, which is secreted by the kidneys into the urine and “stains” the urinary tract. The image shows how dilated the urinary tract is and where the “obstacle” is located.

● Radioisotope research. A radioisotope substance is injected into a vein, and then, under the control of a special apparatus, it is observed how the kidneys remove it.

Fighting methods

Treatment for urolithiasis depends on the size of the stone and the presence or absence of complications.

1. Grass and diet. Special preparations, as well as herbs (bearberry, horsetail, bear's ears) help dissolve and remove small stones. As a rule, only uric acid stones (urates) can be dissolved, so before you do anything yourself, you must get the approval of a doctor.

Diet also plays an important role. During treatment you need to drink more juices, fruit drinks, and mineral water.

2. Aim or shoot! Stones from 4 mm to 1.5 cm in diameter can be crushed. For example, using the method of extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESLT). It is suitable for people of all ages, as well as for patients with severe illnesses for whom surgery is not possible. Among the contraindications for DLT are only the patient's weight over 130 kg, pregnancy, hemophilia, aortic and renal artery aneurysm, acute myocardial infarction, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys (in the acute stage).

3. There is contact! Large stones can be crushed by contact using nephrolitholapaxy. Under anesthesia, the patient is punctured in the skin above the kidney, and under ultrasound and X-ray control, the stone is crushed using ultrasound, laser or pneumatic devices.

Kidney removal surgery

The operation to remove a kidney in medicine is called nephrectomy. It should be noted that this operation in our clinic is performed at the highest level, because it is carried out by our best doctors, top-ranking specialists.

Such a serious surgical intervention as kidney removal in our clinic is carried out only after a thorough examination of the patient and identification of indications for this operation. There are several methods for removing an affected kidney, but for each patient our doctors individually select the best method, based on the patient’s medical history, the condition of his body, as well as on the pathology present and its stage. During the surgical intervention itself, the patient is under anesthesia, which is completely safe for the patient.

Kidney removal surgery in our clinic allows the patient to get rid of the disease, forget about the unpleasant symptoms of the disease and return to a normal lifestyle in a short time.

Indications

The kidneys remove excess fluid, harmful components and metabolic products from the body and act as a filter for the circulatory system. They take part in the production of hormones and control the balance of water, salts and minerals.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the organ, so nephrectomy is a necessary measure that is resorted to when it is not possible to save the kidney. The need for surgery arises in a number of cases:

• in the event of tumor formations of both malignant and benign origin;
• when an organ completely loses functionality;
• with significant damage to the kidney, for example due to injury;
• as a donor organ.

Rehabilitation after kidney removal

Every patient needs rehabilitation after kidney removal . The patient spends part of the rehabilitation period, immediately after the operation, in our clinic under the supervision of the attending physician and medical staff, and the second part of the rehabilitation the patient remains at home, adhering to the doctor’s recommendations and instructions, and periodically appearing for examinations and consultations.

Rehabilitation after kidney removal until the body is completely restored continues for a long time, and sometimes can take about 1 year. The patient should be informed about this in advance, because It will take a lot of strength and patience from him before he stops feeling some discomfort in the body, which is associated with the fact that the remaining healthy kidney is forced to adapt to the resulting conditions and take over all the work, compensating for the loss in the form of removal of the diseased kidney.

Some changes in lifestyle, diet and daily habits should become the norm for the patient. So, with regard to nutrition, a person after kidney removal should take a moderate amount of fluid per day and eat foods that do not contain large amounts of protein. In addition, you should forever give up bad habits, in particular drinking alcohol, because... this may negatively affect the condition of the only kidney. Also, patients after nephrectomy should not expose themselves to severe physical exertion and emotional stress. In addition, we must not forget about proper daily rest.

If all the doctor’s recommendations are followed, patients after kidney removal return to normal fairly quickly, and the rehabilitation period after the operation becomes easy and comfortable.

Video reviews about kidney removal in our clinic

Vladimir Nikolaevich - kidney removal

Lifestyle and nutrition after surgery

A patient who has undergone a complex operation must be attentive to his health. Neglecting medical recommendations may lead to the need for hospitalization. Along with proper nutrition, the patient should sleep at least 8 hours a day. Moderate physical activity, walks in the fresh air and protecting yourself from various infections will be beneficial.

Authorized Products

Following a diet after removal of a paired functional unit is quite simple, since the list of permitted foods is varied and extensive. The general rule is to limit protein intake and increase carbohydrates and lipids. Food should be rich in vitamins and minerals. The permitted products include the following:

• low-fat soups without potatoes with pasta;
• bran bread;
• dairy products;
• vegetables and fruits in any form, except fried;
• chicken breast without skin;
• porridge and pasta.

Proper dietary nutrition is recommended for patients

You should control the caloric content of your meals so as not to gain weight. Excess weight puts additional stress on a weakened body.

Prohibited Products

Dieting should be taken with all responsibility and seriousness. The following products are prohibited:

• White bread:
• sausages;
• smoked meats;
• baked goods;
• pickles and home preserves.

Sausages and smoked meats are strictly prohibited

Alcohol, beer and many people's favorite coffee are strictly prohibited. Consumption of the listed drinks can provoke a sharp deterioration in a person’s well-being.

Carrying out the procedure

Kidney removal is not prescribed without a comprehensive examination of the patient. To assess the functioning of the second organ, X-rays with contrast, MRI and other studies are prescribed. In emergency cases, functionality is checked during surgery by introducing a special dye, which must be excreted in the urine.

The operation is performed in a hospital setting. The patient remains in the hospital for 1 to 3 weeks. This depends on the complexity of the condition and the type of surgery. Nephrectomy can be performed open or laparoscopically.

Surgeons prefer the laparoscopic method of nephrectomy. Patients tolerate this type of kidney removal more easily. Reviews about laparoscopy are the most favorable:

there is no large and unsightly scar left on the body; the operation is safer; complications develop less frequently; rehabilitation is easier; disability can be avoided.

The fact is that the manipulation is carried out through small incisions in the lumbar region. A laparoscope is inserted into them, and performance is monitored on a special monitor.

Is a woman with one kidney able to bear a baby?

When planning motherhood, you should take into account what reason influenced the loss of the organ. If the absence of a kidney is a congenital malformation, a woman can become pregnant, but must first consult with doctors. If the reason for the removal of an organ was infection or malignant neoplasms, after nephrectomy, planning the birth of children should be postponed for 2-3 years. This time is required for the single kidney to fully adapt to the changed conditions.

In most cases, the pregnancy of a woman who has one paired organ is not much different from the pregnancy of a healthy mother. Test results remain within normal limits, urinary function is not impaired.

Postoperative complications and consequences

High temperature after surgery is observed during inflammatory processes.

The consequences of kidney removal directly depend on the quality of preparation for surgery, the actions of the surgeon during nephrectomy, how successful the operation was, and the presence of additional diseases in the patient. Removal of an organ is associated with the risk of developing nonspecific complications. Most often, such problems are caused by anesthesia and the fact that the patient lay motionless for a long time (kidney removal lasts 2-4 hours). These include:

congestive pneumonia - secondary inflammation of the lungs, provoked by problems with ventilation of the lungs or hemodynamic disorders; stroke - circulatory disorders in the brain; infarction - ischemic necrosis of the myocardium; thrombophlebitis - thrombosis developing against the background of inflammation of the vein wall.

If a person’s fever does not go away for a long time after surgery, this indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. The consequences of nephrectomy are usually associated with the development of renal failure. The cause of the pathology may be compression of the contralateral vein if the patient had a thrombus consisting of pathological cells in the kidney with a tumor. Since the patient has only one working organ left, he needs to take on the entire load. After some time, normal functioning is restored, but sometimes it is necessary to carry out extrarenal blood purification.

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Features of disability assignment

To kid

For minors, disability is assigned in the same way as for adults - if it is proven that the remaining kidney cannot cope with the load and the body is significantly damaged. This fact is the reason for introducing a diet without spicy and salty foods.

In addition, sports where kidney injury is possible may be contraindicated for the child. He constantly needs to donate blood and urine for analysis, have an ultrasound of his organs, and visit a doctor.

The question of establishing a special status comes when renal failure has developed. The second is the presence of a disease that provoked the removal of the kidney and partially affected the surviving organ. Then the load on the kidney is minimized, so you inevitably have to face restrictions in your life.

For oncology

If an organ was simply removed due to cancer without consequences, this is not a basis for assigning a group. For example, relapses and the presence of metastases after treatment are taken into account. If there are none, and if contraindications for work and its conditions are not specified, status is unlikely to be given.

But in case of obvious impairments in the functioning of the body, the need to receive help, with restrictions on work and in general, disability is prescribed.

Possible complications

Kidney removal may be accompanied by nonspecific complications, which depend on concomitant diseases and prolonged immobility. This may be congestive pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. In some cases, thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction or stroke develop. Such complications occur infrequently in medical practice, since doctors take measures to prevent them.

The patient must understand that kidney removal is a consequence of an advanced disease that could cause serious harm to health. Surgical intervention in this case is inevitable. But postoperative complications can be avoided. Here, a lot depends on the preoperative preparation and the person’s desire to quickly return to active life. It is necessary to strictly follow all medical instructions and recommendations.

Laparoscopic surgery

Progress of the operation

Laparoscopy is a more modern method of removing a kidney, requiring a highly qualified doctor.

The patient lies on his back. A bean-shaped cushion is placed under the legs to make it easier for doctors to turn the patient over. The body of the person being operated on is fixed with elastic bandages. As in the previous case, laparoscopic nephrectomy is performed under general anesthesia. A surgical instrument called a trocar is inserted near the navel. It is represented by a tube with a stylet at the end, which is used to pierce tissue. A camera is attached to it, with the help of which the surgeon can control the insertion of the remaining trocars, providing access to the organ from all sides. After all the necessary preparations have been made, the patient is turned on his side, deflating the pillow under his feet. The body is fixed again.

The vessels approaching the kidney and the ureter are clamped with staples of a laparoscopic stapler. They cannot be sutured until the kidney is removed from the body. The damaged organ is removed with the largest trocar, measuring 11 millimeters, after the patient is turned onto his back again. The edges of a plastic bag and a laparoscope are placed in the middle of the instrument, which is used to directly trunce the organ. Next, the trocars are removed from the patient’s peritoneum. The wound and damaged tissues are sutured with self-absorbing thread. The excised kidney is examined histologically.

Possible problems

The hematoma usually goes away on its own some time after surgery.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is considered a gentle method of kidney removal, so the risk of complications after it does not exceed 16%. The most common problems:

A hematoma that develops during surgery is an accumulation of blood of limited size, which after some time will resolve on its own. Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Problems with intestinal motility arise due to drugs that relax muscles, or accidental pinching of the intestine during nephrectomy. Postoperative hernia at the site of the trocar - more often occurs in overweight people who have had an urgent kidney removal. Development of an inflammatory process in the lungs, unrelated to infectious infection - the reaction of the immune system to surgery. Blockage of the pulmonary artery with a blood clot or gas. Occurs if an artery was damaged during the operation. Paralysis of the brachial nerve if it was touched by the surgeon. Given the severity of the lesion, the patient may feel a tingling sensation in the arm, and in some cases be unable to move it. Return to contents

Khabarovsk doctors cut out more than 100 healthy kidneys from patients

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In Khabarovsk, doctors cut out more than 100 kidneys from healthy people Archive NEWSru.com

People complained that their relatives' organs were cut out illegally and without medical necessity during treatment in regional clinical hospitals: spleens, kidneys, adrenal glands Archive NEWSru.com

The most common targets of illegal removal of human organs are homeless people hospitalized due to various injuries and frostbite Archive NEWSru.com

The Khabarovsk Territory prosecutor's office opened a criminal case into allegations of abuse of official powers by doctors from regional hospitals No. 1 and No. 2 for selfish reasons. The reason for initiating the case was a collective complaint from 15 people addressed to the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern Federal District.

People complained that their relatives' organs were cut out illegally and without medical necessity during treatment in regional clinical hospitals: spleens, kidneys, adrenal glands. The letter also states that in hospitals in Khabarovsk quite often viable people who have received various injuries die.

Based on this complaint, a preliminary inspection was carried out, during which investigators established that the regional clinical hospital No. 1, on the basis of which Dalmedcenter operates, is allowed to engage in transplantation, however, the revealed facts indicate a number of violations in this activity.

It turned out that under the roof a source in the regional health department told DalmedInterfax on Thursday.

The head of the regional Ministry of Health, Valentina Savkova, said the day before that “the Ministry of Health does not have any documents about facts of abuse by doctors.”

The reason for the discussion was information that appeared in the local media that, based on an inspection conducted by the prosecutor's office of the Zheleznodorozhny district of Khabarovsk, on April 2, a criminal case was opened for abuse of official powers against employees of the regional clinical hospital No. 1 "Dalmedcenter".

In particular, it was reported that doctors cut out the organs of deceased patients without the permission of relatives and used them for transplantation, and the transplantation operations were paid.

The basis for the inspection was a collective complaint from 15 people to the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern Federal District, Konstantin Pulikovsky, about alleged facts of organ removal from deceased relatives. The facts specified in the complaint were verified by the prosecutor's office of the Zheleznodorozhny district.

The district prosecutor's office did not confirm to Interfax, but also did not deny the fact that a criminal case had been initiated, citing secret investigations.

The scandal involving the removal of organs from a person in Moscow occurred last year

The last time a high-profile scandal related to the illegal removal of organs erupted in the capital was in May last year. Then investigative actions at the Moscow Coordination Center for Organ Donation revealed the fact that the operation to remove a kidney had begun before the patient’s death was declared. This was stated in the response of the Prosecutor General's Office sent to Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov in response to his appeal regarding the verification of the legality of the actions of law enforcement agencies that stopped the work of specialists on April 11, 2003.

The Center’s employees had the right to begin the operation to collect a kidney only after drawing up a statement of biological death of Orekhov A.T., signed by a resuscitator, head of the intensive care unit and a forensic expert.

However, upon inspection of the scene of the incident, no such document was found. At the same time, blank forms of acts of ascertainment of biological death and removal of organs (kidneys) for transplantation with signatures of forensic experts were confiscated from the doctors of the Center, the text of the response from the prosecutor’s office stated.

Patient Orekhov was taken to Hospital No. 20 on the morning of April 11 with a traumatic brain injury. The patient's condition was assessed as extremely serious, so the Donation Center was informed about the presence of a potential donor. At 16:35 Moscow time, the Center’s visiting team began preparing a surgical operation to remove kidneys from this patient.

The text of the response from the Prosecutor General's Office to the mayor of Moscow noted that the donor's hands were placed behind his head and tied with a bandage, and the body in the abdominal area was treated with brilliant green and iodopyrone. The operating lamp was turned on above the patient, and on the table next to the patient's head there was an open set of surgical instruments.

As reported, “the actions of the medical workers were interrupted by police officers who had information that the biological death of the patient had not yet occurred.”

According to the prosecutor's office, resuscitation doctors from the clinical hospital of the Moscow Main Internal Affairs Directorate, who arrived with them, recorded Orekhov A.T. signs of life: heartbeat and blood pressure. The patient immediately began to undergo a complex of resuscitation measures, but after 35 minutes his death occurred.

In third world countries, people are kidnapped to obtain organs.

Scandalous stories of kidnapping people to remove their organs and, accordingly, illegal sale and transplantation of organs occur in other countries. This type of business brings huge profits. On the black market, human organs cost between $500 and $50,000.

The demand for donor kidneys, liver, and spleen is growing in the world from year to year. In Germany, for example, more than 10 thousand patients wait for donor kidneys every year. No more than 2 thousand operations are performed legally annually. Most kidneys come from deceased donors.

Official trade in organs is strictly prohibited by the World Health Organization and the criminal codes of all civilized countries. You can get any organs on the black market.

In Albania and Kosovo, in recent years, more and more young people have become victims of mafiosi kidnapping donors for wealthy clients. The same thing is happening, according to Interpol, in poor countries in Latin America.

In one of the clinics in Colombia, even a mass grave of people who became victims of organ traffickers was discovered. As the investigation established, residents of the poorest slum areas, mostly children, were kidnapped by specialized gangs in order to take their retinas, reports East Siberian Pravda.

Then the blind children were either sent home or simply killed, and the fabric was sold at incredible prices to customers from the USA and Western Europe. The scale of the criminal business in Colombia is evidenced by the fact that traces of another 1,395 patients from this clinic alone have not yet been found.

Last year, in the Iranian town of Zabol on the Afghan border, two members of an Iranian gang were detained who were selling children as organ transplant material to Afghan smugglers.

Iranian border guards, while inspecting a passenger bus traveling on the Zabol-Nakhabandan flight, noticed two young men who accompanied the boy. The suspicion of the border guards was aroused by the unusual behavior of the child - he behaved as if he did not know his companions. After a preliminary investigation, it was established that two Iranian citizens tried to sedate an eleven-year-old child with sleeping pills and transport him to Afghan territory.

According to investigators, there are other members of the criminal group who send Iranian children to Afghanistan, where they are killed and collected for organ transplantation.

The most important condition is to drink clean water

Due to poor nutrition and the use of medications, toxins are formed in the human body. They are excreted in feces and urine, but the kidneys are not always able to efficiently process them. There is an even greater burden in the case of removal of a paired organ, so it is very important to facilitate the work of the remaining kidney.

First of all, the patient needs to accustom himself to drink only purified water that has been filtered. It is also recommended to use melt water. The daily diet must include at least 30 ml of clean water per 1 kg of patient weight or 7 ml of melt water, respectively.

Obese people should increase their water intake according to the following calculation:

purified water - at least 40 ml per 1 kg of weight; melt water - from 10 ml per 1 kg of weight.

This amount of water is required for daily use, plus the patient must receive additional fluid, which is found in vegetables, fruits, soups, etc.

Drinking enough water will ensure soft stools, while urine will become less concentrated.

Congenital absence of an organ

Not in all cases, a person is left with only one bean-shaped organ after surgery. It happens that during the period of embryogenesis, a disorder begins to develop in the child’s body, which results in the birth of a sick baby. In the case of the formation of a single bean-shaped organ, it begins to work in an enhanced mode and, adapting to the absence of a pair, is able to double in size (standard kidney parameters are 12x5.5 cm).

Types of kidney surgeries

1. Open surgery. During nephrectomy, the patient lies on his healthy side, and the surgeon makes an oblique incision in the lumbar region. During the operation, all layers of skin and muscle tissue are cut. The operated kidney is separated from the fat capsule and then brought to the surface of the wound. The surgeon ligates the ureter and renal vessels, after which they are excised along with the leg of the bean-shaped organ. The fixing instruments are removed and the affected kidney is completely removed. The doctor removes the installed drains and stitches the incision area. Usually manipulations take no more than 2-3 hours;
2. Removal of a diseased organ using the laparoscopic method. Endoscopic kidney removal is a less traumatic procedure, but it takes more time to complete. During nephrectomy, the organ is excised through punctures, which ensures low blood loss and rapid regeneration of injured tissue. Laparoscopy is a technically complex intervention, for which a special tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted into the body cavity. Access to the affected kidney is carried out through 3 or 4 punctures with a diameter of about 2 cm on the surface of the abdominal wall. Just as with open surgery, the surgeon excises the ureter, vessels and renal pedicle. After endoscopic elimination of the problem, the patient needs less time to recover from the body, since the laparoscopic method has the least aggressive method of achieving the desired result.

Both types of intervention are performed using general anesthesia. Nephrectomy takes several hours, the sutures are usually removed 7-12 days after surgery.

If the healthy parts of the kidney can be saved, an incomplete nephrectomy is performed, which is called resection